Bed & Breakfast Pet Hotel

When people go on vacation or on a business trip, sometimes it is impractical to bring the family pet. Not long ago many would just ask a neighbor to keep an eye on the pet while the family was gone. Others would leave the pet with enough food and water to survive during the trip, although this was impractical for long trips.These options each come with advantages and disadvantages, but they fail to ensure that the family pet is not just watched, but pampered. This concept of pampering the family has sprouted a whole new industry of pet facilities.With more people seeing the pet as of a family member, the care of the pet is becoming more important. In 2006 families spent approximately $38 billion on their pets and around 63% of household own at least one pet (Koncius, 2006).This has brought about a rise in pet hotels / pet bed and breakfasts. PetsHotel, a division of PetSmart, is a leader in this rising industry. PetSmart purchased a pet hotel in 2000 in the Tucson, AZ area and has e xpanded it to over 50 stores since then. PetSmart’s goal is to eventually have over 400 PetsHotel facilities nationwide and in Canada.However, PetSmart is not the only company getting into this rapidly expanding industry. This report is evaluating PetsHotel and its place in the industry. Specifically this report will demonstrate its position in the market through a Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threats analysis, or SWOT analysis.This analysis will provide a clearer picture of what PetsHotel is facing in regards to the competition, trends, and future expansion. It will demonstrate where PetsHotel has a significant advantage over its competitors and where it has shortfalls. StrengthsThe most notable strength PetsHotel is the strong brand name and familiarity of its parent company, PetSmart. According to PetSmart’s website, the company has almost one thousand stores in the United States and Canada (PetSmart, 2007).PetSmart entered the pet hotel industry in 2000 w hen it recognized â€Å"its huge potential and it fits perfectly into [its] strategy of providing the lifetime needs of pets and their parents† (PetSmart, 2008). Customer loyalty and name recognition provides assurance for those customers who may not want to take a risk with a local, known pet facility.With how important pets have become to the owner, many owners will not want to take the risk of a bad facility. Jim Krack, founder of American Boarding Kennels Association, or ABKA, stated that â€Å"Pet owners expect the same type of amenities from their pet care providers as they receive from their child day care providers† (Shim, 2007).It is assumed that most people would not just place their children in any childcare facility without first ensuring a certain level or standards and safety. The name brand of PetSmart gives PetsHotel that instant recognition. In the fiscal year 2007, PetSmart posted $4.2 billion in sales and has $209 million in cash (Yahoo! Finance, 200 8). This cash cow can aid in the design and construction of new facilities. This will allow PetsHotel to quickly expand into competitive areas and into new, untapped market areas. Other competitors will not have the cash available without going into substantial debt to expand as quickly as PetsHotel can.Economies of scale also provide PetsHotel with a significant strength. Since smaller pet facilities will be unable to purchase items in the bulk level that PetsHotel can, the per item cost will be much greater than PetsHotel.Overhead and other expenses can be spread out amongst the over 50 PetsHotels already built. In comparison, Wags Hotel only has three stores to spread its costs around. Weaknesses Although the size PetsHotel is an advantage, it also lends itself to outside threats.The perception by some is larger companies many not provide as intimate and caring service for the pets. Consequently, many will prefer smaller, local services over the big corporate service of PetsHotel . Others will not want to go to the corporate establishment in favor of the local â€Å"ma and pa† pet facilities.The reasons for this could be the perception of intimate pet care with the smaller facility or it could just be hatred toward corporate America. Another weakness is a lack of accreditation. The American Boarding Kennels Associate, or ABKA, is a non-profit organization that seeks to assure high standards in pet care.ABKA provides pet owners with a set standard of quality of different hotels and kennels through a Pet Owner’s Bill or Rights and certifying different pet hotels. Out of 93 accredited pet facilities, none of them are PetsHotel brand pet facilities.To obtain certification the facilities must be â€Å"in compliance with the standards of the ABKA Voluntary Facilities Accreditation Program and have successfully completed an on-site evaluation by ABKA† (ABKA, 2008). A lack of certification from a reputable firm such as ABKA is a strong weakness for PetsHotel.ABKA’s website does list PetsHotel as a facility that can house a pet, but it also lists their lack of accreditation. This could sway a potential pet owner customer away from PetsHotel in favor of a pet facility that is accredited. OpportunitiesThe nearly 1000 PetSmart locations provide ample opportunity for quick expansion of the PetsHotels. By utilizing the PetSmart facilities, PetsHotels can quickly set up operations and provide services already at the PetSmart stores such as grooming, training, and Bansfield pet hospital. Some of these features have already been added to PetsHotel’s Add-On features.These features include nail clipping, bath time, and access to a Banfield clinic in an emergency (PetsHotel, 2008). By utilizing PetSmart’s other services, PetsHotel could offer other services such as pet training and grooming beyond a simple bath.In 2006, PetsHotel announced that it wanted to reach a total of 435 hotels throughout the United States and Canada (PetSmart, 2008). This is an achievable goal in part because of the huge cash flow PetSmart can generate through its other business segments and because of the already established name brand in those areas. Companies such as Wags Hotels only recently added two more hotels.Those two new hotels are still within the general geographic area of central California (WagsHotel, 2008). However, PetsHotel is already in 26 states and plans three more openings in the next few months (PetsHotel, 2008).Threats PetsHotel’s website lists its hours of operations 7:00 AM to 9:00 PM Monday thru Saturday and 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM on Sundays. PetsHotel has a check-in and check-out time of 12:00 PM (PetsHotel, 2008). The problem that PetsHotel can run into is a 24-hour service such as Wags Hotel. By offering 24-availability, Wags Hotel allows travelers who arrive late at night to pick up their pet once they arrive. PetsHotel’s model would force the traveler to pick up their pet the next day and charge them for that extra night.Smaller pet facility companies are seeing the need for emergency veterinarian services. PetsHotel uses Banfield which is partnered with PetSmart. These smaller companies are starting to team up with the local veterinarians to provide the same quality service.Although the overhead for this service is spread out amongst the larger PetSmart Corporation, PetsHotel will further have to demonstrate that its corporate services are as good, caring and intimate as the local facilities and veterinarians. An example of this is Wagg Inn Pet Hotel with the Animal Hospital of Ashwaubenon, WI.At home pet nannies are another source of threat to PetsHotel’s business. People have been turning to high-class pet hotels because of how much they care about their pets. However, many feel reservations about leaving their pet in a facility at all.The alternative is to leave the pet at home and hire a pet nanny. One concern is whether the other â€Å"gues ts† at the pet hotel are current on their vaccinations. If the pet is left at home, there is no concern at all. Also, the pet will be comfortable in its normal routine and happy places.This alleviates any concerns of trying to settle the pet back into normal routines, especially where to go to the bathroom. Conclusions and Recommendations PetsHotel is in a very good strategic position compared to its competition.Availability of cash in conjunction with the strong brand recognition of PetSmart means it can place a facility anywhere in the United States and Canada and have instant credibility as a company that will provide quality pet care. PetsHotel should continue to innovate in pet quality and care through better designs of its facilities and services.It needs to continue to emphasize its high pet care and quality of service of both PetsHotel and PetSmart. Because PetsHotel is a division of PetSmart, and damage to the brand reputation of PetSmart will instantly translate into damage to the PetsHotel reputation. If the quality of service at the PetSmart stores declines, the perception will be that quality has also decreased in its pet hotels.Where PetsHotel needs to be concerned is in its accreditation and availability. Although AKBA is just one organization, PetsHotel can ill afford to ignore any organization devoted to pet facility quality and care.For people who want to ensure their pets are well taken care of, the lack of accreditation could mean a loss in customers. If the people are happy with both the service of AKBA and the local pet hotel, PetsHotel could lose more potential customers through word of mouth. By gaining accreditation, PetsMart not only retains its corporate brand of quality, but it is substantiated through AKBA.PetsHotel must also find a way to address those who do not want to disrupt their pet’s routine. PetsHotel and other pet hotel websites do list how the pet will re-enter its routine once it goes home.However, more is needed than just a small blurb on the website. PetsHotel needs to reassure anyone who inquires about this and possible provide examples through customer satisfaction surveys and testimonials. References American Boarding Kennel Association. (2008). American Boarding Kennel Association.Retrieved on January 25, 2008 from http://www. abka. com/abka/. Koncius, Jura. (Apr. 2006). Pet Hotels Really Puttin' on the Dog. The Washington Post. Retrieved on January 25, 2008 from http://www. projo. com/pets/content/projo_20060430_petshotel.80bdaa6. html. Petsmart, Inc. (PETM). (2008). Yahoo! Finance. Retrieved on January 26, 2008 from http://finance. yahoo. com/q? s=PETM. Shim, Joan. (Sept. 2007). Pampered pooches, fat cats living large in luxury pet hotels. CNN. Retrieved on January 25, 2008 from http://www. cnn. com/2007/LIVING/worklife/09/12/travel. pets/index. html. Wagg Inn Pet Hotel. (2008). Wagg Inn Pet Hotel, LLC.Retrieved on January 25, 2008 from http://www. wagginn. com/. Wags Hotel. ( 2008). Wags Hotel. Retrieved on January 25, 2008 from http://www. waghotels. com/.

Untrustworthy President Example Essay

Matthew Hart 09/18/12 An Untrustworthy President â€Å"The true test of the American ideal is whether we’re able to recognize our failings and then rise together to meet the challenges of our time. Whether we allow ourselves to be shaped by events and history, or whether we act to shape them. †- Our current president. The U. S. president has been untrustworthy on more than one occasion. Our president is unreliable when it comes to foreign and domestic issues, as well as being all around untrustworthy. Our president is untrustworthy to us, U. S. citizens.Our borders are overflowing with illegal immigrants who have no intensions of legalizing or paying taxes but are willing to take our jobs and take our money back to their country where it does not belong. Our president has been persecuting Arizona for enforcing illegal immigration laws when his administration will not do the job. At the White House, the president held a joint press conference with Mexico’s preside nt that featured both of them criticizing Arizona's immigration law. I only wish there were someone there to represent America that day.That is a matter of national security where we cannot trust our president to protect us. We depend on our president to provide us with jobs when the job market is suffering and this president is providing us with a slow increase in jobs when we need a quick and large increase, again our president expresses untrustworthiness in the face of a crisis. The very first thing our president did after he was elected was push through the largest and most wasteful spending bill in human history. The cost of the bill was attested to be 800 billion to 1. trillion dollars. The purpose of the bill was to create jobs and the government claimed the bill would keep unemployment below 8%. We've now had 38 straight months of above 8% unemployment, the longest streak since the Great Depression. Keeping our country and government operating smoothly is another area where uncertainty surrounds our president’s capabilities. That is an example of our tax money being insecure in the hands of our president. We pay more money a year than anyone can fathom and it is squandered in this country and around the world n ways that do not help solve our problems we face here at home or around the world. As all presidents are, this president has been unreliable from the beginning, when he ran for office. Every president to be must tweak the truth of where they stand on certain topics of interest, creating a false sense of security which later makes us insecure as a country. Despite the fact that our government assured us that there was â€Å"no risk† America would lose its AAA credit rating, America did indeed lose its rating for the first time since 1917 because of our president’s refusal to cut spending.Election Day for our president, with his soon to be half fulfilled promises to better this country and the world, is a memorable example of our president acting untrustworthy. Never before in the history of our country has one party pushed through a massive entitlement program that was wildly unpopular with the American people, the Affordable Health Care Act. This year’s convention where the president makes unreliable statements about what he has or has not accomplished is another example.The recent speeches on foreign policy and national security provide extensional evidence of how trustless our president is to us. Putting a man on the moon is one of America's greatest accomplishments and our Space Shuttle program was ended, under our current president. When a U. S. president wants to be reelected to office, he must rethink his first set of unfulfilled promises and decide which to change and which to keep. Foreign policy is a major area where he has become untrustworthy with.Foreign leaders of allied nations around the world cannot trust our president when they need his help. American’s think of our presi dent as being untrustworthy when it comes to the current crisis in the middle-east. The President has wasted a ton of time, energy and money on things like nationalizing our health care system which doesn't really rise to the level of being a true national emergency. Meantime, he has spent almost no time dealing with real national emergencies, such as the emergence of a nuclear Iran. They feel as though he is not acting in the best interest of our country.Look at our president, when faced with multiple countries in the middle-east burning our flag, he does not take action in the best interest of the citizens of the United States. As the president of the United States of America it is his duty to act in best interest of this country’s citizens and there is no evidence where he has asked us what we would want him to do about this crisis. But he took action in the best interest of those countries citizens and that is untrustworthy from an American citizen’s point of view. The U. S. resident shows us just how unreliable he is at protecting our good country’s name around the world when he does nothing after four Americans are murdered, an American embassy is set on fire, and an American school is burned to the ground in a foreign country. Our president is unreliable when it comes to foreign and domestic issues as well as being all around untrustworthy. As all presidents are, this president has been unreliable from the beginning, when he ran for office. Foreign policy is a major area where he has become untrustworthy with. Foreign policy is a major area where he has become untrustworthy with.

Essay on the Freedom of the Press Essay

The Press, as identified with Newspapers, wields immense power in a democratic society. Dickens has called the Press â€Å"the mighty engine†. So great is its influence that some have called it the Fourth Estate. Napoleon used to say— â€Å"Your hostile newspapers are more to be feared than a thousand bayonets.† For, the press forms opinions, shapes movements and controls policies through well-informed criti ­cism. The most powerful autocrat is forced to take note of public opinion as reflected in a free press. That is why a regimented press is the instrument of autocracy, and a dictator deprives the press of its freedom. A free press is the symbol of a free people. An independent, well-informed press is a powerful check on arbitrary governments and irresponsible administrators. For newspapers are agents of the public, which bring to the notice of the people acts of injustice or oppression, or mal-administration that would otherwise have remained hidden away fr om public knowledge. They augur misgovernment at a distance and sniff the approach of tyranny in every tainted breeze’ (Burke). They exercise a constant vigilance on the rulers, which is salutary for all. Nowadays it is difficult for the press to be free. Either a newspaper is controlled by some financial magnates entirely and it has to voice their views or it is the mouthpiece of a party, and it must think as the party might direct; or it is under the thumb of the government and in that case its usefulness is reduced and independence compromised. For whoever controls it, necessarily limits its freedom by his own interests, i.e. calls the tune. In America, the great newspapers are in the bands of powerful financial syndicates; in England, they are in the hands of capitalists; in Russia they are mostly controlled by the government. But freedom of the press in each case depends on the way it reflects the will, the purpose of the people as a whole, in preference to that of any class or community or individual. The illusory or unrealistic character of the freedom of the press was seen during Great War. It is in such times of crisis that the voice of the people should be most clearly heard and not muffled. Yet it is then that newspapers are completely gagged. Most of these abuses might be checked to the advantage of all concerned, if the newspapers have freedom to criticise authorities and ventilate grievances. Indeed, no government can stifle the voice of the people but at  its own peril. The problem, therefore, is—how to ensure freedom of the newspaper. Legislation, of course, should guarantee the press against interference by the government; this goes without saying- But something more is necessary. The press under no circumstances should be forced to disclose the source of information or will be subservient to the government. But enjoins enjoys a corresponding duty on the part of the Press—that it should maintain strictly honest journalism and should not give any garbled report or prejudicial account. Independent-minded editors should have the right to ft free expression of opinions and unhampered publication of news, subject only to the limitation that they do not publish abuse and keep within the bounds of decorum. But real freedom of the press can exist only where a free people can function freely as in true democracy. It may be asked, why do we say there is no freedom of the press in England or America or India. The reason is that in these countries, the common people are in economic bondage. Governments are ruled by th e power of money and the press is controlled by owners in the interests of Big Business. In is, therefore, rightly claimed that in a Socialist country as the people become economically free, the government acquires an increasingly representative character. The journalists then can write freely and fearlessly. The best way to ensure freedom of the press is to publish all news from accredited sources, to allow free ventilation of opinion, to do away with all controls except in the interest of public safety or welfare. Freedom of the press should be a valued privilege and has to be safeguarded. It is a sacred right, which should be zealously promoted. Governments owe it to themselves to guarantee it from all arbitrary interference. Editors owe it to the public to maintain an honest and fearless attitude in favour of the people, against party or class interests. And the people owe it to their country to demand and defend such freedom as a priceless heritage.

Creating a Business Plan Project and Presentation (Course-Advanced PowerPoint

Creating a Business Plan Project and (Course-Advanced Business Dimensions of Health Care) - PowerPoint Presentation Example In order to achieve the mission the health care unit has objected different objectives such as creating awareness, treatment, offering clinical services as explained later in this paper. The operations of the mission will specifically be in New Jersey in connection to other units designated in other countries on the same network. The unit will be set in the existing health center at the selected location in order to improve the services as demand rises, which are unavailable in the country. The new health unit is also set to act as a center for the campaign and awareness for advocating better health services and advices to the increasing cases of youth pregnancies. Teenage pregnancy is a real threat to the society in terms of the social and economic development status quo of the people and their existence. The problem has caused many cases of maternal death due to lack of better health cares on such cases. However, the problem occurs for lack of awareness and advices to the young relationships such as sexual education in order to avoid the unplanned pregnancies. This results many families from riches to rags and eventually begging since the parents of the children were not prepared for their task ahead. The real solution of spread of Teenage pregnancies lies within each one in the country to participate in its eradications, which will be through education of sexual consequences. It’s very much sure that women are infected at a younger stage than men. In this case, the teen pregnancy has become a priority of the New Jersey state. This is because of its complexity as their expose themselves in the poor social and economic conditions. This status includes low attainment of education, overcrowded or inadequate housing, language barriers, literacy, and violence in the families, negligence, and gang abuse. The teen pregnancy also causes their involvement in crime

Air transport Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 14500 words

Air transport Management - Essay Example The increased ease of travel across the World has enabled rapid globalization, which has resulted in great development on different spheres that include education, healthcare services, technology, and infrastructure development, among others (Weinstein, 2005). The downside of increased global travel is that there has been an increased spread of certain vices across the World such as prostitution, drug trafficking, and even global travel. Moreover, there has also been an increase in the spread of infectious diseases from their point of source i.e. where the first diagnosis was made to other areas that had previously no reported cases of such infections (Sattenspiel & Lloyd, 2009). This particular study focuses on the aspect of infectious diseases spreading from one region to another as a result of increased global travel. The study will narrow its focus on the role of airports as point of transit that enable the entry and departure of infected persons into and outside a particular region or country. The focus on airports is justified based on the fact that it is the most popular point of exit for travelers going to regions that are far beyond the border and it is also the most popular point of entry for travelers coming from far locations (Cliff & Smallman-Raynor, 2013). Because of the crucial role played by airports, there have been numerous security checks that have been put in place to ensure that there is no entry of person with infectious diseases and persons who can threaten the health of the population because of lack of immunization on certain infectious diseases (Biden, 2001). However, it is important to note that the thoroughness of checks is depend ent on the standards imposed on each individual airport, for example, certain airports do not require passengers to produce immunization certificate of infectious diseases such as polio while in other airports, passengers entering the country undergo a thorough medical check-up that is conducted by

RESEARCH PAPER Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Research Paper Example of world history, while playing these constructive roles, some leaders have succeeded, continuing their good work; however certain other leaders did not perform those roles in an optimal manner raising criticisms from various quarters. Fidel Castro, Cuba’s National leader belongs to the second category of leaders. That is, as a revolutionary, he overthrew a dictatorship regime giving a lot of hope to the Cuban people, however could not continuously carry out the constructive and developmental activities, first as the Prime Minister and then as the President. So, this paper will discuss how Castro by leading the Cuban Revolution became the country’s leader, raising a lot hopes and how he could not fulfill those expectations. Fidel Alejandro Vittore Castro Ruz was born in 1923 in Birà ¡n, located in the modern-day province of Holguà ­n. He is one of the three children born out of wedlock to a landowner, Angel Castro and his much younger housekeeper and cook, Lina Ruz Gonzà ¡lez. As his father was previously married and did not recognize his marriage to Castro’s mother, Castro taking his mother’s name as the surname spent most of his childhood in foster homes and Catholic boarding schools, finishing high school at a Jesuit school in Havana in 1945. After his father married his mother, when he was 15 years old, he started using his father’s name of Castro as his surname. Then in late 1945, Castro joined the law school at the University of Havana and it is there, he was introduced to anti-Americanism. The unasked for intervention of the U.S. in Cuba in 1898 and the resultant negative impacts on the Cuban society because of the heavy U.S. presence, created ill-will against the U.S. in Castro’s mind. That is, U.S. presence led to the concentration of wealth only in the hands of foreigners and upper class lighter skinned Cubans with Spaniard ancestry, depriving the dark-skinned Cubans, and this created increased tension among the classes and growing

Genetically Modified Foods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Genetically Modified Foods - Essay Example   Currently, a broad-based scientific consensus exists over foods in the market, which have been derived from genetic modifications that they have no threats and health concerns on the life of humans and other beings that consume them. However, some opponents to the idea of genetic modification have refuted these concepts, basing their arguments on various safety issues, economic and environmental concerns. They have emphasized that the economic concerned raised about these foods emanate from the fact that the genetically modified seeds are foods sources, which are subject to the intellectual property rights as owned by the respective corporations that make them (Rotman, 2014).Plants that have been genetically engineered are often generated from the laboratory through alteration made in their genetic compositions and tested effectively if they contain the desired qualities. In most cases, this happens through the addition of one or many genes in their particular genomes by use of g enetic engineering methodologies. Some of the plants that are genetically modified are done in certain controlled ways through the addition of more genes in a process called cloning or some genes are subtracted from them.Nowadays, genetic modification is often carried out in order to make plants resistant to insects, viri, fungi and herbicides. Additionally, these modifications are also aimed at changing the nutritional content of these plants, improving their taste and duration for storage after harvest.

The relationship between advanced technology and Green supply chain Research Paper

The relationship between advanced technology and Green supply chain - Research Paper Example Source: LMI, 2005 In short, it integrates supply chain management with environmental management to achieve positive, sustainable results. This rooted to the acknowledgment on the role of manufacturing and other business processes on their disproportionate environmental impact with the understanding that operations are improved and savings are accrued in the process. Savings may not always mean cut in direct operational costs but environmental in nature through less reliance on raw or new materials that directly impacts on the environment. Objectives and Research Questions In the adoption of green supply chain techniques, many corporations or business entities have resorted to either age-old environmental practices or emerging technologies that facilitate green practices. It is therefore the aim of this paper to Provide the history and background in the development of green supply change Explain the significance of greening the supply chain Point our issues relating to the flow of pro ducts and services within the green supply chain context Explain how green supply chain management as a practice has been changed over time. These will be achieved by answering the research questions: 1. What is the importance of the history of green supply chain? 2. How green supply chain management as a practice has changed over time? 3. What is significance of greening the supply chain? 4. What are the issues relating to the flow of products and services within a Green Supply Chain context? Relevance of the Study The continuing depletion of natural resources, growing population, consumption, and lifestyle demands, negative changes in the environment and many other major problems have alarmed policy-makers, businesses, and even individuals in the last several decades. Current conditions of many of the world’s population and projections of the future are seen as very bleak so that it has become imperative to adopt short and long-term measures to address these issues. Thus, t he birth of eco-related movements such as the green supply chain in the business process. The importance of exploring background and history of the green supply chain lies on the possibilities of fast-tracking ways to improve production and design of consumption products. This study hopes to contribute in that segment. Background Extensive efforts are forwarded by nations and international organizations not only to their governments but also to the business and private sector to step up and address environmental problems. Climate change global warming, environmental degradation, and insurmountable economic and social problems directly linked with the abuse and neglect of the environment have been hounding humanity for several decades now so that the need to integrate acceptable business practices were proposed in order to reduce or decrease negative impacts. These are strengthened by governmental regulatory mandates as well as organisational requirements for acceptable continuance o f business operations in a given community or industry. It has been found that day-to-day practices from population growth to consumption are all connected to the continuing environmental changes which resulted to depletion of natural resources that may soon unable to support the population, increased carbon dioxide releases by each individual that leads to trapping of heat, increased temperatures elsewhere, water shortages, among others as reported by World Bank. Specifically, there are more than 2 billion people without access to clean water and sanitation, or roughly 40%

Surrogate Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Surrogate Decision Making - Essay Example A patient that is unable to give their consent due to their physical or mental limitations will require a surrogate. If a person were in a state of unconsciousness they would be unable to grant consent. If the patient were deemed incompetent to make an informed decision, this case would also require a surrogate. Comatose patients on life support are in the position of having someone else make their medical decisions for them. If a patient is incapacitated or incompetent, the decision is left to a responsible surrogate in a process called vicarious consent. If an incapacitated patient has a written document such as a living will or power of attorney, this can serve as a surrogate. In the absence of any document individual states have recommended protocols for the hierarchy of decision making. Generally the immediate family is the first to be considered. The spouse, parents, siblings, adult children, or a guardian may all be called upon to be a surrogate. If none of these are available, a close friend can act as a surrogate. The surrogate should be close enough to the patient that they not only act on their best behalf, but also are able to consider the incapacitated patient's wishes. There may be cases where there are no surrogates available. People who have no family or friends can be referred to a medical ethics committee to act as a surrogate.

Stress Reduction In Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder Pediatric Essay

Stress Reduction In Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder Pediatric Massage - Essay Example Pediatric massage is an alternative and contemporary treatment that uses massage therapy. This is the process of manipulation of the soft tissues that is intended to promote the health and wellbeing of the autistic child. Massage takes into account each child’s cognitive and physical development of the child as well as the health care needs thus able to relieve physical pains and psychological torment acting as a stress reliever when applied to autistic children (Shipwright & Dryden, 2012). Research studies indicate that children with autistic spectrum disorder show less stereotypical autistic behavior and are more social and attentive after receiving a massage therapy. These children are equally less anxious after the reception of massage. Pediatric massage, when used by the caregiver, helps in strengthening the emotional bond between the caregiver and the child thus helps in reduction of stress each time the caregiver comes into a tactile association with the autistic child (Field, Diego, & Hernandez-Reif,

Tata case - pricing Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tata - pricing - Case Study Example This is in addition to the research and development situated in those same parts of countries. Its first commercial vehicle was manufactured in 1954 with a company called Daimler- Benz (Bhaktavatsala, 1993). After acquiring stakes in a Hispano Carrocera which specializes in manufacturing buses and coaches and from then, decided to also venture in bus and coach manufacturing. The company has been involved a spree of acquiring stakes in companies or forming joint ventures with other car manufacturing and then doing the same production. Examples of the companies it has partnered with through acquiring their stakes or through joint ventures or even buying include, jaguar Land rover, Hispano Carrocera, Marcopolo, Daewoo, Trilix and many others. This is in a bid to cut on the cost of having to start a new product altogether. Tata is an Indian company that with a vision to manufacture cheap and affordable vehicles targeting Indian population whose middle class has been rising with time. Its first fully indigenous passenger car was launched in the year 1998 and nick named it the Indica. In an attempt to manufacture even more cheap and affordable cars for the Indian population who prefer travelling together with their family members, Tata launched in 2008 a small but spacious car called Tata Nano. This car was the cheapest world-wide by the time it was launched. The company in trying to set affordable but right prices for its Nano cars seem to have had some considerations in mind including profitability to the company, economic status of Indians, the prices of Nano Parts, and the installations that are put in it. The company’s design of the car makes the car cheap by not having expensive stereos that normally accompany expensive cars. The company worked from top downwards to arrive at this affordable car to many. They first set the highest price then worked downwards to design and develop a car with materials that would add up to this amount. The

A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration Essay Example for Free

A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration Essay A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, written by Mary Rowlandson, is about King Philip’s War. The war started on June 20 in 1675 and was between English colonists and Native Americans. During the war, the Indians attacked English colonists’ territory. They burned the colonists’ houses, killed the resisters and captured some of the colonists. The living of captives was very tough. They had to move from place to place with the Indians. The Indians treated them very badly. If they didn’t listen to the Indians, they would be beaten or even be killed. Besides, the weather was cold and sometimes the food supply was short. As a result, lots of captives died during the captivity. As a victim of the Indian attacks, Mary Rowlandson wrote a vivid description of the eleven weeks and five days she spent living with Native Americans which owns very high value in American Literature. First of all, the work owns high historical value in American Literature. In her description, she vividly shows her experience as a captive which makes people easily understand the situation at this period and the relationship between English colonist and the Indians. In her description, we can find that all the English captives didn’t be ruled by the same Indian master. There were different Indian masters. Each Indian master owned English captives and located in different places. According to the masters, the captives could be transferred from one tribe to another. Also, in the description, sometimes Mary Rowlandson communicated with the Indians. From this point, we can find that some of the Indians could speak English. Besides, in the work, we can also know how English colonists deal with Native Americans. They trade by money, clothes, tobacco, liquors, seed corn hemlock, ground ivy and etc. This point shows that the living of the Indians was tough then. They lacked food and some daily necessaries, so it was effective to trade with them by something they really needed in their lives instead of money. Secondly, this work also shows the high value of Christian point of view. As a Christian, Mary Rowlandson uses lots of quotes and passages from the Bible in the description. No matter how hard the captivity was, she always  showed her piety to God. Instead of blaming the Indians, she used the stories in the Bible to console her sorrow and suffering. The Bible was the center of her life during the captivity. Even though her experience was so painful, she thanked God for everything. In the work, she strongly showed the positive side of Christianity which make readers offer high value to the Christians. A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson is one of the important works in American Literature. It offers readers high values of history and Christian point of view. By reading the story of Mary Rowlandson, we can clearly understand this period of American history. and also realize the virtue of Christianity.

Developing a Brain Computer Interface

Developing a Brain Computer Interface A Seminar Report On â€Å"Brain Computer Interface† Submitted by: Name: Sachin Kumar Roll No: 1214310301 ABSTRACT Brain Computer Interface allows users to communicate with each others by using only brain activities without using any peripheral nerves and muscles of human body. On BCI research the Electroencephalogram (EEG) is used for recording the electrical activity along the scalp. EEG is used to measure the voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current flows within the neurons of the brain. Hans Berger a German neuroscientist, in 1924 discovered the electrical activity of human brain by using EEG. Hans Berger was the first one who recorded an Alpha Wave from a human brain. In 1970, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency of USA initiated the program to explore brain communication using EEG. The papers published after this research also mark the first appearance of the expression brain–computer interface in scientific literature. The field of BCI research and development has since focused primarily on neuroprosthetics applications that aim at restoring damaged hearing, sight and movement. Nowadays BCI research is going on in a full swing using non-invasive neural imaginary technique mostly the EEG. The future research on BCI will be dependent mostly in nanotechnology. Research on BCI is radically increased over the last decade. From the last decade the maximum information transfer rates of BCI was 5-25 bits/min but at present BCI’s maximum data transfer rate is 84.7bits/min. 2.INTRODUCTION Brain-computer interface (BCI) is alliance between a brain and a device that enables signals from the brain to direct some external activities, such as control of a cursoror a prosthetic limb. The Brain computing interface enables a direct communications pathway between the brain and the object to be controlled. For example, the signal is transmitted directly from the brain to the mechanism directing the cursor moves, rather than taking the normal ways through the bodys neuromuscular system from the brain to the finger on a mouse then directing the curser. BCIs Research began in the 1970s at the University of California Los Angeles(UCLA) under an allowance from the   National Science Foundation, followed by a contract fromDARPA. Thanks to the remarkable cortical plasticity of the brain, signals from implanted prostheses can, after adaptation, be handled by the brain like natural sensor or effector channels. Animal experimentation for years, the first neuroprosthetic devices implanted in humans appeared in the mid-1990s. Current brain computing interface devices require calculated conscious thought; some future applications, such as prosthetic control, are likely to work without difficulty. Development of electrode devices and/or surgical methods that are minimally invasive is one of the biggest challenges in developing BCI technology . Though Brain Computer Interface (BCI) facilitates direct communication between brain and computer or another device so nowadays it is widely used to enhance the possibility of communication for people with severe neuromuscular disorders, spinal cord injury. Except the medical applications BCI is also used for multimedia applications, which becomes possible by decoding information directly from the user’s brain, as reflected in electroencephalographic (EEG)signals which are recorded non-invasively from user’s scalp. 3.LITERATURE REVIEW Current Trends in Graz Brain–Computer Interface (BCI) Research Pfurtscheller, C. Neuper, C. Guger, W. Harkam, H. Ramoser, Schlà ¶gl, B. Obermaier, and M. Pregenzer The â€Å"Graz Brain–Computer Interface† (BCI) project is aimed at developing a technical system that can support communication possibilities for patients with severe neuromuscular disabilities, who are in particular need of gaining reliable control via non-muscular devices. This BCI system uses oscillatory electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, recorded during specific mental activity, as input and provides a control option by its output. The obtained output signals are presently evaluated for different purposes, such as cursor control, selection of letters or words, or control of prosthesis. Between 1991 and 2000, the Graz BCI project moved through various stages of prototypes. In the first years, mainly EEG patterns during willful limb movement were used for classification of single EEG trials. In these experiments, a cursor was moved e.g. to the left, right or downwards, depending on planning of left hand, right hand or foot movement. Extensive off-line analyses have shown that classification accuracy improved, when the input features, such as electrode positions and frequency bands, were optimized in each subject. Apart from studies in healthy volunteers, BCI experiments were also performed in patients, e.g., with an amputated upper limb. The main parts of any BCI system are: Signal acquisition system: involves the electrodes, which pick up the electrical activity of the brain and the amplifier and analog filters. The feature extractor: converts the brain signals into relevant feature components. At first, the EEG raw signals are filtered by a digital band pass filter. Then, the amplitude samples are squared to obtain the power samples. The power samples are averaged for all trials. Finally, the signal is smoothed by averaging over time samples. The feature translator: classifies the feature components into logical controls. The control interface: converts the logical controls into semantic controls. The device controller: changes the semantic controls to physical device commands, which differ from one device to another depending on the application. Finally, the device commands are executed by the device. The early work of BCI was done by  invasive  methods with electrodes inserted into the brain tissue to read the signals of a single neuron. Although the spatio-temporal resolution was high and the results were highly accurate, there were complications in the long term. These were mostly attributable to the scar tissue formation, which leads to a gradual weakening of the signal and even complete signal loss within months because of the brain tissue reaction towards the foreign objects. A proof of concept experiment was done by Nicolelis and Chapin on monkeys to control a robotic arm in real time using the invasive method. Recently, less invasive methods have been used by applying an array of electrodes in the subdural space over the cortex to record the Electrocorticogram (ECoG) signals. It has been found that ordinary Electroencephalogram pickup signals are averaged over several EEG signal bands (Hz) square inches, whereas ECoG electrodes can measure the electrical activity of brain cells over a much smaller area, thereby providing much higher spatial resolution and a higher signal to noise ratio because of the thinner barrier tissue between the electrodes and the brain cells. The superior ability to record the gamma band signals of the brain tissue is another important advantage of this type of BCI system. Gamma rhythms (30-200 Hz) are produced by cells with higher oscillations, which are not easy to record by ordinary EEGs. The human skull is a thick filter, which blurs the EEG signals, especially the higher frequency bands (i.e. gamma band). Noninvasive  techniques were demonstrated mostly by electroencephalographs (EEG). Others used functional Hz, Magneto-Resonance Imaging (fMRI), Positron Electron Tomography (PET), Magneto encephalography (MEG) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography There (SPECT). EEGs have the advantage of higher temporal resolution, reaching a few milliseconds and are relatively low cost. Recent EEG systems have better spatiotemporal resolution of up to 256 electrodes over the total area of the scalp. Nevertheless, it cannot record from the deep parts of the brain. This is the main reason why the multimillion dollar fMRI systems are still the preferred method for the functional study of the brain. However, EEG systems are still the best candidate for BCI systems spatial as they are easy to use, portable and cheap. The main problems that reduce the reliability and accuracy of BCI and which prevent this technology from being clinically useful, are the sensory interfacing problems and the translation algorithm problems. In order to make a clinically useful BCI the accuracy of the detection of intention needs to be very high and certainly much higher than the currently achieved accuracy with different types of BCI. The intermediate compromise between accuracy and safety is the ECoG based BCI, which has shown considerable promise. The sensory arrays of electrodes are less invasive and provide comparable accuracy and high spatial resolution compared to the implanted type. The ECoG based BCI needs much less training than the EEG based BCI and researchers have shown that highly accurate and fast response. 4.TECHNICAL DETAILS REASON BEHIND WORKING: The reason a BCI works at all is because of the way our brains function. Our brains are filled with  neurons, individual nerve cells connected to one another by dendrites and axons. Every time we think, move, feel or remember something, our neurons are at work. That work is carried out by small electric signals that zip from neuron to neuron as fast as 250 mph. The signals are generated by differences in electric potential carried by ions on the membrane of each neuron. Although the paths the signals take are insulated by something called myelin, some of the electric signal escapes. Scientists can detect those signals, interpret what they mean and use them to direct a device of some kind. It can also work the other way around. For example, researchers could figure out what signals are sent to the brain by the optic nerve when someone sees the color red. They could rig a camera that would send those exact signals into someones brain whenever the camera saw red, allowing a blind person to see without eyes. BCI INPUT AND OUTPUT: One of the biggest challenges facing brain-computer interface researchers today is the basic mechanics of the interface itself. The easiest and least invasive method is a set of electrodes a device known as an  electroencephalograph(EEG) attached to the scalp. The electrodes can read brain signals. However, the skull blocks a lot of the electrical signal, and it distorts what does get through. To get a higher-resolution signal, scientists can implant electrodes directly into the gray matter of the brain itself, or on the surface of the brain, beneath the skull. This allows for much more direct reception of electric signals and allows electrode placement in the specific area of the brain where the appropriate signals are generated. This approach has many problems, however. It requires invasive surgery to implant the electrodes, and devices left in the brain long-term tend to cause the formation of scar tissue in the gray matter. This scar tissue ultimately blocks signals. Regardless of the location of the electrodes, the basic mechanism is the same: The electrodes measure minute differences in the voltage between neurons. The signal is then amplified and filtered. In current BCI systems, it is then interpreted by a computer program, although you might be familiar with older analogue encephalographs, which displayed the signals via pens that automatically wrote out the patterns on a continuous sheet of paper. In the case of a sensory input BCI, the function happens in reverse. A computer converts a signal, such as one from a video camera, into the voltages necessary to trigger neurons. The signals are sent to an implant in the proper area of the brain, and if everything works correctly, the neurons fire and the subject receive a visual image corresponding to what the camera sees. SENSORY INPUT: The most common and oldest way to use a BCI is a cochlear implant. For the average person, sound waves enter the ear and pass through several tiny organs that eventually pass the vibrations on to the auditory nerves in the form of electric signals. If the mechanism of the ear is severely damaged, that person will be unable to hear anything. However, the auditory nerves may be functioning perfectly well. They just arent receiving any signals. A cochlear implant bypasses the non functioning part of the ear, processes the sound waves into electric signals and passes them via electrodes right to the auditory nerves. The result: A previously deaf person can now hear. He might not hear perfectly, but it allows him to understand conversations. The processing of visual information by the brain is much more complex than that of audio information, so artificial eye development isnt as advanced. Still, the principle is the same. Electrodes are implanted in or near the visual cortex, the area of the brain that processes visual information from the retinas. A pair of glasses holding small cameras is connected to a computer and, in turn, to the implants. After a training period similar to the one used for remote thought-controlled movement, the subject can see. Again, the vision isnt perfect, but refinements in technology have improved it tremendously since it was first attempted in the 1970s. Jens Naumann was the recipient of a second-generation implant. He was completely blind, but now he can navigate New York Citys subways by himself and even drive a car around a parking lot. In terms of science fiction becoming reality, this process gets very close. The terminals that connect the camera glasses to the electrodes in Naumanns b rain are similar to those used to connect the VISOR (Visual Instrument and Sensory Organ) worn by blind engineering officer Geordi La Forge in the Star Trek: The Next Generation TVshow and films, and theyre both essentially the same technology. However, Naumann isnt able to see invisible portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Applications: Applications of BCI are described as follows: Neurogaming: Currently, there is a new field of gaming called Neurogaming, which uses non-invasive BCI in order to improve gameplay so that users can interact with a console without the use of a traditional controller. Some Neurogaming software use a players brain waves, heart rate, expressions, pupil dilation, and even emotions to complete tasks or effect the mood of the game. For example, game developers at Emotiv have created non-invasive BCI that will determine the mood of a player and adjust music or scenery accordingly. This gaming experience will introduce a real-time experience in gaming and will introduce the ability to control a video game by thought. Prosthesis control: Non-invasive BCIs have also been applied to enable brain-control of prosthetic upper and lower extremity devices in people with paralysis. For example, Gert Pfurtscheller of Graz University of Technology and colleagues demonstrated a BCI-controlled functional electrical stimulation system to restore upper extremity movements in a person with tetraplegia due to spinal cord injury. Between 2012 and 2013, researchers at the University of California, Irvine demonstrated for the first time that it is possible to use BCI technology to restore brain-controlled walking after spinal cord injury. Synthetic telepathy/silent communication: In a $6.3 million Army initiative to invent devices for telepathic communication, Gerwin Schalk, underwritten in a $2.2 million grant, found that it is possible to use ECoG signals to discriminate the vowels and consonants embedded in spoken and in imagined words. The results shed light on the distinct mechanisms associated with production of vowels and consonants, and could provide the basis for brain-based communication using imagined speech. On February 27, 2013Duke University researchers successfully connected the brains of two rats with electronic interfaces that allowed them to directly share information, in the first-ever direct brain-to-brain interface. MEG and MRI: Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have both been used successfully as non-invasive BCIs. In a widely reported experiment, fMRI allowed two users being scanned to play Pongin real-time by altering their haemodynamic response or brain blood flow through biofeedback techniques. fMRI measurements of haemodynamic responses in real time have also been used to control robot arms with a seven second delay between thought and movement. Neural Internet: Access to the internet opens a myriad of opportunities for those with severe disabilities, including shopping, entertainment, education, and possibly even employment. Neural control users cannot control a cursor with a great degree of precision, so, therefore, the challenge of adapting a web browser for neural control is in making links—which are spatially organized—accessible. The University of Tuebingen developed a web browser controller to be used with their thought translation device, but it requires the user to select from an alphabetized list of links, causing problems if the link names are identical. They have developed a neurally controlled web browser that serializes the spatial internet interface and allows logical control of a web application. BrainTrainer—Subject Training: The BrainTrainer project researches the most effective ways of teaching a person the brain-signal control needed to interact with a device. The BrainTrainer toolset allows researchers to compose trials by providing simple tasks, such as targeting, navigation, selection, and timing, that can be combined to produce an appropriate-level task for a particular subject.

Maxima and Minima of Functions

Maxima and Minima of Functions This term paper presents concise explanations of the subjects general principles and uses worked examples freely to expand the ideas about solving the problems by suitable methods. Each example shows the method of obtaining the solution and includes additional explanatory techniques. For some topics, where it would have been difficult to understand a solution given on a single problem, the solution has been drawn in step-by-step form. All the figures used have been taken from Google Book search. The term paper covers the necessary definitions on MAXIMA AND MINIMA OF THE FUNCTIONS and some of its important applications. It covers the topic such as types of other method for solving the big problem in a shortcut method known . The aspects of how to develop some of the most commonly seen problems is also covered in this term paper. The motive of this term paper is make the reader familiar with the concepts of application of maxima and minima of the function and  where this is used. Focus has been more on taking the simpler problem so that the concept could be made clearer even to the beginners to engineering mathematics. MAXIMA AND MINIMA The diagram below shows part of a function y = f(x). The point A is a local maximum and the point B is a local minimum. At each of these points the tangent to the curve is parallel to the X axis so the derivative of the function is zero. Both of these points are therefore stationary points of the function. The term local is used since these points are the maximum and minimum in this particular Region. The rate of change of a function is measured by its derivative. When the derivative is positive, the function is increasing, When the derivative is negative, the function is decreasing. Thus the rate of change of the gradient is measured by its derivative, Which is the second derivative of the original function? Functions can have hills and valleys: places where they reach a minimum or maximum value. It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function, but locally it is. You can see where they are, but how do we define them? Local Maximum First we need to choose an interval: Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where: The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval. Or, more briefly: f(a) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ f(x) for all x in the interval In other words, there is no height greater than f(a). Note: f(a) should be inside the interval, not at one end or the other. Local Minimum Likewise, a local minimum is: f(a) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ f(x) for all x in the interval The plural of Maximum is Maxima The plural of Minimum is Minima Maxima and Minima are collectively called Extrema Global (or Absolute) Maximum and Minimum The maximum or minimum over the entire function is called an Absolute or Global maximum or minimum. There is only one global maximum (and one global minimum) but there can be more than one local maximum or minimum. Assuming this function continues downwards to left and right: The Global Maximum is about 3.7 The Global Minimum is -Infinity Maxima and Minima of Functions of Two Variables Locate relative maxima, minima and saddle points of functions of two variables. Several examples with detailed solutions are presented. 3-Dimensional graphs of functions are shown to confirm the existence of these points. More on Optimization Problems with Functions of Two Variables in this web site. Theorem Let f be a function with two variables with continuous second order partial derivativesfxx, fyyand fxyat a critical point (a,b). Let D = fxx(a,b) fyy(a,b) fxy2(a,b) If D >0 and fxx(a,b) >0, then f has a relative minimum at (a,b). If D >0 and fxx(a,b) If D If D = 0, then no conclusion can be drawn. We now present several examples with detailed solutions on how to locate relative minima, maxima and saddle points of functions of two variables. When too many critical points are found, the use of a table is very convenient. Example 1:Determine the critical points and locate any relative minima, maxima and saddle points of function f defined by f(x , y) = 22+ 2xy + 2y2- 6x Solution to Example 1: Find the first partial derivatives fxand fy. fx(x,y) = 4x + 2y 6 fy(x,y) = 2x + 4y The critical points satisfy the equations fx(x,y) = 0 and fy(x,y) = 0 simultaneously. Hence. 4x + 2y 6 = 0 2x + 4y = 0 The above system of equations has one solution at the point (2,-1). We now need to find the second order partial derivatives fxx(x,y), fyy(x,y) and fxy(x,y). fxx(x,y) = 4 fxx(x,y) = 4 fxy(x,y) = 2 We now need to find D defined above. D = fxx(2,-1) fyy(2,-1) fxy2(2,-1) = ( 4 )( 4 ) 22= 12 Since D is positive and fxx(2,-1) is also positive, according to the above theorem function f has a local minimum at (2,-1). The 3-Dimensional graph of function f given above shows that f has a local minimum at the point (2,-1,f(2,-1)) = (2,-1,-6). Example 2:Determine the critical points and locate any relative minima, maxima and saddle points of function f defined by f(x , y) = 22- 4xy + y4+ 2 Solution to Example 2: Find the first partial derivatives fxand fy. fx(x,y) = 4x 4y fy(x,y) = 4x + 4y3 Determine the critical points by solving the equations fx(x,y) = 0 and fy(x,y) = 0 simultaneously. Hence. 4x 4y = 0 4x + 4y3= 0 The first equation gives x = y. Substitute x by y in the equation 4x + 4y3= 0 to obtain. 4y + 4y3= 0 Factor and solve for y. 4y(-1 + y2) = 0 y = 0 , y = 1 and y = -1 We now use the equation x = y to find the critical points. (0 , 0) , (1 , 1) and (-1 , -1) We now determine the second order partial derivatives. fxx(x,y) = 4 fyy(x,y) = 12y2 fxy(x,y) = -4 We now use a table to study the signs of D and fxx(a,b) and use the above theorem to decide on whether a given critical point is a saddle point, relative maximum or minimum. critical point (a,b) (0,0) (1,1) (-1,1) fxx(a,b) 4 4 4 fyy(a,b) 0 12 12 fxy(a,b) -4 -4 -4 D -16 32 32 saddle point relative minimum relative minimum A 3-Dimensional graph of function f shows that f has two local minima at (-1,-1,1) and (1,1,1) and one saddle point at (0,0,2). Example 3:Determine the critical points and locate any relative minima, maxima and saddle points of function f defined by f(x , y) = x4- y4+ 4xy . Solution to Example 3: First partial derivatives fxand fyare given by. fx(x,y) = 43+ 4y fy(x,y) = 4y3+ 4x We now solve the equations fy(x,y) = 0 and fx(x,y) = 0 to find the critical points.. 43+ 4y = 0 4y3+ 4x = 0 The first equation gives y = x3. Combined with the second equation, we obtain. 4(x3)3+ 4x = 0 Which may be written as . x(x4- 1)(x4+ 1) = 0 Which has the solutions. x = 0 , -1 and 1. We now use the equation y = x3to find the critical points. (0 , 0) , (1 , 1) and (-1 , -1) We now determine the second order partial derivatives. fxx(x,y) = -122 The First Derivative: Maxima and Minima Consider the function f(x)=34à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢43à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢122+3   on the interval [à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢23]. We cannot find regions of which f is increasing or decreasing, relative maxima or minima, or the absolute maximum or minimum value of f on [à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢23] by inspection. Graphing by hand is tedious and imprecise. Even the use of a graphing program will only give us an approximation for the locations and values of maxima and minima. We can use the first derivative of f, however, to find all these things quickly and easily. Increasing or Decreasing? Let f be continuous on an interval I and differentiable on the interior of I. If f(x)0 for all xI, then f is increasing on I. If f(x)0 for all xI, then f is decreasing on I. Example The function f(x)=34à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢43à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢122+3 has first derivative f(x)  =  =  =  123à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢122à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢24x  12x(x2à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢xà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2)  12x(x+1)(xà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2)  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Thus, f(x) is increasing on (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢10)(2) and decreasing on (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1)(02). Relative Maxima and Minima Relative extrema of f occur at critical points of f, values x0 for which either f(x0)=0 or f(x0) is undefined. First Derivative Test Suppose f is continuous at a critical point x0. If f(x)0 on an open interval extending left from x0 and f(x)0 on an open interval extending right from x0, then f has a relative maximum at x0. If f(x)0 on an open interval extending left from x0 and f(x)0 on an open interval extending right from x0, then f has a relative minimum at x0. If f(x) has the same sign on both an open interval extending left from x0 and an open interval extending right from x0, then f does not have a relative extremum at x0. In summary, relative extrema occur where f(x) changes sign. Example Our function f(x)=34à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢43à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢122+3 is differentiable everywhere on [à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢23], with f(x)=0 for x=à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢102. These are the three critical points of f on [à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢23]. By the First Derivative Test, f has a relative maximum at x=0 and relative minima at x=à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 and x=2. Absolute Maxima and Minima If f has an extreme value on an open interval, then the extreme value occurs at a critical point of f. If f has an extreme value on a closed interval, then the extreme value occurs either at a critical point or at an endpoint. According to the Extreme Value Theorem, if a function is continuous on a closed interval, then it achieves both an absolute maximum and an absolute minimum on the interval. Example Since f(x)=34à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢43à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢122+3 is continuous on [à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢23], f must have an absolute maximum and an absolute minimum on [à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢23]. We simply need to check the value of f at the critical points x=à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢102 and at the endpoints x=à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2 and x=3: f(à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2)  f(à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1)  f(0)  f(2)  f(3)  =  =  =  =  =  35  Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2  3  Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢29  30  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Thus, on [à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢23], f(x) achieves a maximum value of 35 at x=à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2 and a minimum value of -29 at x=2. We have discovered a lot about the shape of f(x)=34à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢43à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢122+3 without ever graphing it! Now take a look at the graph and verify each of our conclusions. APPLICATION AND CONCLUSION The terms maxima and minima refer to extreme values of a function, that is, the maximum and minimum values that the function attains. Maximum means upper bound or largest possible quantity. The absolute maximum of a function is the largest number contained in the range of the function. That is, if f(a) is greater than or equal to f(x), for all x in the domain of the function, then f(a) is the absolute maximum. For example, the function f(x) = -162 + 32x + 6 has a maximum value of 22 occurring at x = 1. Every value of x produces a value of the function that is less than or equal to 22, hence, 22 is an absolute maximum. In terms of its graph, the absolute maximum of a function is the value of the function that corresponds to the highest point on the graph. Conversely, minimum means lower bound or least possible quantity. The absolute minimum of a function is the smallest number in its range and corresponds to the value of the function at the lowest point of its graph. If f(a) is less t han or equal to f(x), for all x in the domain of the function, then f(a) is an absolute minimum. As an example, f(x) = 322 32x 6 has an absolute minimum of -22, because every value of x produces a value greater than or equal to -22. In some cases, a function will have no absolute maximum or minimum. For instance the function f(x) = 1/x has no absolute maximum value, nor does f(x) = -1/x have an absolute minimum. In still other cases, functions may have relative (or local) maxima and minima. Relative means relative to local or nearby values of the function. The terms relative maxima and relative minima refer to the largest, or least, value that a function takes on over some small portion or interval of its domain. Thus, if f(b) is greater than or equal to f(b  ± h) for small values of h, then f(b) is a local maximum; if f(b) is less than or equal to f(b  ± h), then f(b) is a relative minimum. For example, the function f(x) = x4 -123 582 + 180x + 225 has two relative minima (points A and C), one of which is also the absolute minimum (point C) of the function. It also has a relative maximum (point B), but no absolute maximum. Finding maxima or minima also has important applications in linear algebra and game theory. For example, linear programming consists of maximizing (or minimizing) a particular quantity while requiring that certain constraints be imposed on other quantities. The quantity to be maximized (or minimized), as well as each of the constraints, is represented by an equation or inequality. The resulting system of equations or inequalities, usually linear, often contains hundreds or thousands of variables. The idea is to find the maximum value of a particular variable that represents a solution to the whole system. A practical example might be minimizing the cost of producing an automobile given certain known constraints on the cost of each part, and the time spent by each laborer, all of which may be interdependent. Regardless of the application, though, the key step in any maxima or minima problem is expressing the problem in mathematical terms.

Breast Implants Essay -- essays research papers fc

Breast Implants In the early 1980’s breast implants began gaining popularity, but they have been on the market since the early 1960’s. They were invented by plastic surgeons Cronin and Gerow. Dow Corning began manufacturing them commercially in 1962. Today over two million women have undergone breast augmentation surgery. There are many negative consequences that may arise from the surgery, and there is always the risk of infection or rupture. When beginning my research on the subject I assumed there would be a plethora of information. I was shocked to find out that there wasn’t. Silicone breast implants have been around for 40 years and there have been very few studies on their consequences, and possible effects on a woman’s body. The Food and Drug Administration has never approved the use of silicone implants. It is a surprising fact, because silicone implants are still being used today, but only by women who agree to be in a study of their safety. The politics surround ing breast augmentation are sketchy for lack of a better word. They have been promoted as being safe, yet their safety has never been fully questioned. While looking online, I found a variety of websites on the subject. There were many websites from the plastic surgery industry promoting breast implants as being safe. Then there were the websites like http://www.siliconeholocaust.org, this was by far the most disturbing site I have ever seen. There were dozens of pictures of real women who had their lives ruined by breast implants. If these, and other women had the little information that is available on the subject, they may have opted not to have the surgery because of the unnecessary consequences they now suffer. Every woman has her own reasons behind her decision to get breast implants. Some women have undergone mastectomies, and get breast implants in order to feel â€Å"normal† again. According to the National Women’s Health Network (http://www.womenshealthnetwork.org) women who have lumpectomies have the same survival rate of women who have mastectomies as a result of breast cancer. They concluded that up to 40 percent of women who were diagnosed with breast cancer underwent unnecessary mastectomies. These mastectomies, whether necessary or not may lead to women to undergo breast augmentation surgery. Other women have always felt that their breasts were too small, and out of proportion ... ...o have had breast implants often cannot get health insurance because they have an increased risk of illness. If a woman is able to obtain health insurance she may have to pay a higher premium because of her past plastic surgery history. After learning of the negative consequences that may, and probably will arise from breast implants, it is surprising that so many women are still getting them. It is major surgery and the benefits of having larger breast is not worth the unnecessary chance of death or serious pain for life. More work needs to be done on the study of breast implants because women need to know what they are putting in their bodies. Breast implant manufacturers need to be held responsible, and plastic surgeon should be required to make sure every woman is fully aware of all the possible side effects before she has any type of surgery done. Works Cited Brown University, Department of Biology and Medicine. 14 Feb. 2003 . Darrick Antell Homepage. 15 Feb. 2003 . Department of Health. 15 Feb. 2003 . National Center For Policy (CPR) For Women & Families. 18 Nov. 2002 . National Women’s Health Network. 3 Mar. 2003 . Silicone Gel Breast Implants. 14 Feb. 2003 .

Midwife Essay -- Health Care, Nurse-Midwives

Hearing the word midwife leaves many people thinking of unprofessional, inexperienced women who help deliver babies naturally, without the help of medication. In truth, nurse-midwives are registered nurses who have attended additional schooling for women’s health and are taught to make women feel as comfortable as possible. In the beginning, remedies were the females’ legacies, their â€Å"birthright†; these females were known as â€Å"wise-women by the people, witches of charlatans by authorities†. (Ehrenreich, 1973). â€Å"Females were wanderers, traveling from one place to another, healing the sick and wounded.† (Ehrenreich 1973). These women were among the first human healers and they were especially helpful when it came to childbearing. The midwives had many remedies for common treatments, including ones that dealt with childbirth. â€Å"Countless types of their remedies are still in use today by our own pharmaceutical companies†. (Ehren reich, 1973). As time progressed, the women had to fight long and hard for their rights; the right to vote, the right to work, and the right to go to school. In earlier centuries and even a couple of measly decades ago, many of those rights were denied to females. Men ruled the world, and with it, the women. They were the priests, the household heads, basically the alpha dogs which left the women in charge of the house and the kids. They were the physicians of their time and that was all they had. As stated above, midwives were the original OB/GYNs, their medicine is still being used, indirectly, to this very day, and they still found ways to keep improving their amenities by â€Å"providing the same services your OB/GYN would offer.† (Doherty, 2010). By informing Americans about the education of Certified Nurse-Midwi... ...our body, whether you are pregnant or not, odds are that you will experience a â€Å"normal pregnancy†. Some believe that choosing to be cared for by a midwife is one of the best decisions that a woman can make for herself. Nurse-midwives get a great amount of training because â€Å"Certified nurse-midwives are registered nurses who have graduated from a nurse-midwifery education program accredited by the Accreditation Commission for Midwifery Education (ACME) and have passed a national certification examination to receive the professional designation of certified nurse-midwife.† (Credentials, 2010). Choosing a midwife will lower the cost of exams, contraceptives, and birthing procedures; it will give one choices to their own setting for delivery and with their care there will come a resilient bond between patient and midwife that will remain steady for many years to come.

Film and Television Criticisms: Similarities and Differences of Male Characters Essay

Male portrayals on televisions have greatly evolved from the standard hero stereotypical illustration of primary male characters. During the entry of 21st century, masculinity among male roles have expanded and included variety of multicultural forms. In fact, the current illustration of masculinity has adapted to the liberal trends of society and even considered various facets of sexual considerations than the common romanticized absolute hero-portrayal of males. In addition, the male sexual domination against feminism is now becoming less frequent compared to the males roles of the 20th to early 21st century. Background of the Problem During the entrance of 21st century, various cultural modifications in various countries worldwide have occurred due to globalization, western influences and the decline of the concept on gender discrimination. Due to the vast liberalization on gender and influences of globalize and liberalized environment, communities, especially in United States, are now evolving the gender portrayals from conventional to a more equalized stature. As for these socio-cultural modifications, gender roles in media and entertainment are also being influenced by the shifting of idealism. In terms of male roles in entertainment, the common hero stereotypic roles implicating absolute masculinity have already diverted in accordance to the prevailing trends of the society. Since the public is now open to different variations of sexualities, male behavioral patterns and the society’s awareness on multi-gender variations, roles portrayed by males in variety of television programs have been modified to more multi-faceted and diverse forms. In an effort to illustrate these conditions, three movies with different genre and cultural implications have been selected are analyzed based on the similarities and differences of male roles in the television programs of the 21st century. Discussion The Male Characters of Prison Break Prison Break (2005) is an action, thriller and drama- based television series created by Paul Scheuring with the primary characters, Michael Scofield (portrayed by Wentworth Miller) and Lincoln Burrows (portrayed by Dominic Purcell). The two main protagonists play the role of brothers who aimed at escaping the prison penalty before Lincoln faces his trial of execution penalty due to the false accusation of murdering the vice-president, Terence Steadman. The two characters are hindered by the antagonist group called, The Company; although, despite of the trials and obstacles beneath the prison walls of Fox River State Penitentiary, the brothers are able to save themselves from the grasps of the covert agents of the said group. Prison Break is one of the best male role portrayals in the television series as of 21st century. From the given overview, the brothers are confronted by the issues of their past and the accusations made against Scofield’s brother, Lincoln. Three of the most notable strengths of the brothers are (1) brotherly bond to each other, (2) Scofield’s expertise in construction engineering and Lincoln’s genius skills, and (3) their comrades who are also escapees of the prison. Meanwhile, most weaknesses observed among the brothers are sometimes (1) their immediate concern to their comrades ending to self-risks, and (2) frequent conflicting plans and misunderstandings. Despite of these strengths and weaknesses, the brothers are motivated to escape the prison and live the free status that they are supposed to possess. Schofield already considers the little or zero possibility of uplifting the verdict to his brother; hence, both of them hope to escape the grasps of their chasers and live out of the claws of their enemies. The roles of the two characters are portrayed in a masculine sense where the sensitive attachments as brothers are very much evident. From the physical features and role portrayed by the brothers, each role manifests a sense of interdependency with each other. The Male Characters of Dante’s Cove Dante’s Cove (2005) is another film oriented to a horror and LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender) genres created by Michael Costanza with gay couple, Gregory Michael and Charlie David, as the primary characters of the series. The television program is another face of the male role portrayals that are liberally being introduced to the public in the 21st century. The gay sexual orientation of males is one of the considerations to the vastly evolving male culturalism in the film industry, which essentially provide a different course depiction of male portrayal. In the story, Kevin (portrayed by Gregory Michael) is a formerly discreet bisexual who happened to fall in love with his seasonal buddy, Toby (Charlie David) who actually works as a bartender in a haunted hotel at Dante’s Cove. During the middle section of the first season, Kevin is able to realize what he wants and decides to leave his prosperous life with his mother and discriminating father-in-law to live in with Toby at Dante’s Cove. Upon Kevin’s arrival to the area, he is confronted by various premonitions from the warlock antagonists, Ambrosius Vallin (portrayed by William Gregory Lee). In the story, Kevin has accidentally freed the warlock by a simple kiss from the prison-enchantments of another antagonizing character, Grace Neville (portrayed by Tracy Scoggins) – the witch of Dante’s cove. By freeing Ambrosius from his prison, he sets out to hunt his so-called destined lover in the persona of Kevin. Meanwhile, being the former lover of Ambrosius, Grace hunts the love of Ambrosius (Kevin) in order to avenge herself from the warlock’s betrayal of her love 50 years ago. The couple is now confronted by the immense witchcraft of the two members of high-orders. The task of the Kevin and Toby is to maintain their emotions to each other despite of the efforts of the two antagonists in breaking their relationship apart. From the given overview, the strengths of the primary characters present in the film are the (1) emotional bonds to each other despite of gender issues and (2) the aid coming from their comrades from the cove. However, certain weaknesses observed in their male portrayal are (1) their fragility against lies, (2) gays’ stereotypes of polygamous nature, and (3) the emotional set backs that occur between the two. Meanwhile, some of the observed motivational behaviors present in the two primary characters are their attachments to one another and the supporting atmosphere they obtain from their bisexual and lesbian friends. Throughout the film, Toby and Kevin hope to finally obtain peace with their ideal form of gay relationship; however, the greatest fear confronting the two is their separation from one another. Despite of their gender similarities and the moral-culturally considered taboo, the couple has evidently established their ideal perspective of gay relationship while maintaining the external nature of their masculine behaviors. The Male Characters of Heroes Heroes (September 25, 2006) is a drama, science fiction television series created by Tim Kring with his primary character, Peter Petrelli (portrayed by Milo Ventimiglia). The story revolves in the discreet existence of evolved human beings capable of using unnatural powers inherent within their genetic structures. Each evolved superhuman possess either destructive or supportive form of unique abilities. The main antagonist, Sylar (portrayed by Zachary Quinto), is an evolved form capable of absorbing the powers of other superhumans by actually devouring their brains. Sylar moves with his intent of capturing the key to his immortality with the power of the Cheerleader, Claire Bennet (portrayed by Hayden Panettiere). Unlike Sylar, Peter Petrelli possesses the unique ability of absorbing one’s power by simply getting near towards these people. Unfortunately, he enters in without recognition in his skill and unable to manipulate the absorbed powers at his will. Peter is confronted by the complex task of saving his kind from the deadly virus released by a group of individuals who wants their kind annihilated. The science fiction film revolves in the lives of various complicating lives of different characters of the film; however, the concentration of tasks and the primary role as the hero is vested in the character of Peter Petrelli. In terms of his strengths as the male role of the film, he possesses (1) distinct and non-replicable skill of obtaining one’s ability in the simplest way, and (2) comrades that are also equipped with unique abilities. Meanwhile, despite of the heroic character of Peter, his identity in the film is surrounded by critical weaknesses that serve as his primary obstacles prior to achieving his goal of defeating his antagonists. Some of these identified weaknesses are (1) his incapacity to control his powers and abilities at his will, (2) his fragile emotions when it comes to his brother Nathan Petrelli and his loved ones, (3) unable to recognize his own potential, and (4) his fear towards his own abilities. Meanwhile, despite of the weaknesses of his character, Peter is motivated by lost of his brother, Nathan, the death of his loved ones, and the abduction of his girl during his travel in the future. Out of these obstacles and discouragements, Peter still hopes to rescue his girl and his brother from their circumstances; however, he is still confronted by the fear of the destruction he can cause and fear of loosing his love ones in his own hands. Conclusion: Analysis of the Three Chosen T. V Programs In analysis of the male character portrayals from the three chosen television programs, particularly Prison Break, Dante’s Cove and Heroes, there are certain similarities and differences observed among the characters of the said programs. In consideration of similarities, Prison Break’s brothers – Michael Scofield and Lincoln Burrows – depict the anti-heroic roles in terms of the storyline’s plot. The masculine sides of the brothers are further exemplified by their complex relationships involving a different sense of heroic act compared to the conventional heroic roles of male portrayals in the past. Meanwhile, Dante’s cove similarities in Prison Break is its ironic male roles of anti-masculine portrayal in terms of sexual orientations in the film wherein Kevin and Toby are confronted by the issues of saving their queer relationship being confronted by the horrifying witchcraft of the antagonists. Lastly, Peter Petrelli of Heroes is more similar to Prison Break’s brotherly linkage as with his brother, Nathan Petrelli, who is very much emphasized in the plot of Peter’s journey. In terms of the character similarities, the primary male roles of the said three television programs have already diverted to a different heroic stereotype common in the 20th century film plots. Meanwhile, in terms of the differences showed by the three primary male roles, each possesses differences in relation to the use of multi-culturalism components, gender portrayals, and defining characters of masculinity. As for Prison Break, the brothers are confronted by the emerging complexities of brotherly conditions. In a cultural sense, Prison Break illustrates the conventional role of brotherly affection; however, gender concerns might suggest the questionable bonds of brothers. In addition to cultural components, the nature of their role as prison breakers even distort the 20th century heroic male roles, such as the romanticism influenced-heroes. In Dante’s Cove, the male roles of Kevin and Toby are confronted by issues of cultural liberalization in terms of their illustration of free manly affection, which is actually considered non-manly by cultural norms. However, as for the film and the definition of masculinity, Dante’s Cove is able to raise the concept of manliness in a more behavioral sense than with sexual choices or preferences. Obviously different from the two male portrayals of Prison Break’s brothers and Heroes Peter Petrelli, Dante’s Cove couples have altered the components off masculinity by portraying it outside the common stereotypes of male film roles. Lastly, the character of Peter Petrelli in his diverse heroic role in Heroes has actually portrayed a fragile heroic role. Initially with his low self-compliance and belief in his capacities, his masculinity is confronted by a weaker illustration of identity, which is another diversion from the usual romanticism heroic view. In conclusion, as of 21st century, male roles in television programs have indeed evolved to more complex and diverse heroic portrayals.

Experimental Estimating Deflection of a Simple Beam Bridge Model Using Grating Eddy Current Sensors

Abstract A falsehood trinity-point method using a uncut eddy reliable compulsory persuasion sensing element (GECS) for tide over resistence love is proposed in this paper. Real spatial positions of the bill points along the span bloc argon immediately employ as congeneric adduce points of sever everyy(prenominal) different kind of than using any other entranceory unmoving reference points for bar rod devices in a courtly method. E very(prenominal) three adjacent measuring points argon be as a measuring whole and a cracking connecting bar with a GECS fixed on the center component part of it links the two endpoints.In each measuring unit, the work shift of the mid-measuring point relational to the connecting bar appreciated by the GECS is delimit as the relative refraction. Absolute diversions of each measuring point apprise be reason from the relative p arnthesiss of all the measuring units straight off with prohibited any correcting advancemen tes. Principles of the three-point method and shimmy measurement of the GECS are introduced in detail. two motionless and dynamic experiments have been carried out on a simple communicate duo model, which demonstrate that the three-point difference idea method using the GECS is impelling and offers a reliable way for bridge bending estimation, especially for long-term monitoring. Keywords three-point method warp estimation relative warp implicit recreation grating eddy current sensor (GECS) OPEN ACCESS Sensors 2012, 12 9988 1. Introduction. After a bridge is put down into use, gradual deterioration is inevitable because of loading, temperature changes or other environmental factors. In direct to guarantee the safety and durability of those link which are costly and closely tie in with peoples livelihood, long-term and sustained structural health monitoring is an substantial part of the maintenance management. Among the various structural performance evaluations , vertical deflection is an eventful parameter that nookie directly and effectively indicate a bridges behavior.In terms of instrumentation for deflection estimation, there are ghost and non-contact deflection estimation methods. Traditional shift key sensors such(prenominal) as mechanical dial gauges or linear variable differential transducers (LVDTs) are used in contact measurement, finished which static or realistic-time displacement values substructure be obtained directly or fed into a estimator for processing and displaying via a data cable. This method, however, requires access under the bridge and installation of a temporary supporting system to rebel sensors, which is time consuming and not very efficienct.In addition, it might even be unavailable when bridge are all over rivers, highways or have high clearance. another(prenominal) contact sensor is the fiber oculus Bragg-grating (FBG) sensor finished which the deflection is calculated from the measured line o f reasoning data and displacement-strain consanguinity 1,2. In this way, however, the calculated displacement from strain data is sensitive to noise, and the sensors are expensive and must be embedded into the structure, which to a certain degree is difficult for bridges in service.To cope with those inconveniences in contact measuring methods, various non-contact approaches have been proposed. establish on the detection of the Doppler shift of the optical maser light, a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) equipped with displacement and velocity signal decoders loafer measure both bridge deflection and trembling simultaneously 3. In this way, a static reference point (usually underneath the bridge) is necessitate for device mounting, and the device should be attended, which limits its usability for long-term monitoring.Among see methods, dynamic deflection with high resolution of the bridge squeeze out be obtained through using digital image processing techniques 4, while deflecti on distri howeverion from the images of the bridge girder surface put down by a digital photographic camera before and after deformation potentiometer be evaluated by digital image correlation techniques 5, and digital close-range terrestrial photogrammetry (DCRTP) sens measure the spatial coordination in three-dimensions 6,7. deal the LDV, devices such as video cameras used in image methods stubnot be go forth unattended and they are easily affected by support conditions. Use of a Global Positioning System (GPS) can provide spatial locations of the measuring points on the bridge in real-time by comparing with a continuing operational reference station (CROS). It offers a long-term monitoring approach without being affected by climatic factors 8,9, but out-of-pocket to its relatively low accuracy, it is only utilise to those bridges with significant deformations.All the non-contact methods mentioned to a higher place, although they differ in instrumentation, have one af fair in common, a static reference point or CROS that is kept a certain distance away from the bridge is selected for installation of the measuring device, otherwise measurements cannot be carried out. Another method is using dip circles which can be installed on the bridge directly along a line paralleling the bridge span axis 10,11, and both static and dynamic deflection time memoir curves can be calculated through curve-fitting technology based on the blameless angle records of the inclinometers.An outstanding feature of the inclinometer is that static reference Sensors 2012, 12 9989 points mentioned above are no longer needed. This approach reduces the dependence on environmental conditions and it is capable for long-term monitoring. To avoid those deficiencies in conventional estimating deflection methods mentioned above, a novel three-point deflection estimation method is presented in this paper. cadence points along lines paralleling the bridge span axis are chosen equid istantly.Among these measuring points, all(prenominal) three adjacent measuring points are defined as a measuring unit in which a straight connecting bar linking the two endpoints is interpreted as a relative reference line. congeneric deflection of the mid-measuring point relative to the intercede point of the connecting bar on which a displacement sensor is fixed can be measured, and thus the absolute deflection of each measuring point can be calculated from the relative deflections of all the measuring units.Compared with the contact and non-contact methods mentioned above, only real spatial positions of the measuring points are taken as relative references without any other static reference points. Moreover, the selected displacement sensor is the grating eddy current absolute position sensor (GECS) which is different from conventional eddy current sensors based on vertical characteristics 12,13. Since the structure of grating pondering conductors is adopted, the measuremen t range is extended but without compromising the accuracy.In addition, as an inducive sensor, the GECS is waterproof and dustproof in principle, thus it can work under bad weather conditions, which makes it ideal for long-term monitoring. In this paper, both the principles of the three-point method and displacement measurement of the GECS are presented. Then, this three-point method for deflection estimation is verify in a simply support girder bridge model in the laboratory. encyclopedic static and dynamic experiment results on the laboratory tests demonstrate this method is effective and offers an alternative way for bridge deflection estimation.

Academic Word List

Nhom 1 Analysis S phan tich Chemical analysis of the womans dress get a li ask traces of blood. The book is an analysis of p all all oerty and its caexercisings. At the meeting they presented a critical analysis of twelve give lessonss. analyse / snap analyst analytic = isolating analytical analytic al 1y Approach Phuong phap, ti p c n We enquire to present on a different approach to the trouble Whats the best bureau of approa ching this paradox? approachable / unapproachable Area Ph m vi hi u bi t, chuyen mon Softw atomic number 18 is non in reality my empyrean of expertise Assess ? anh gia The tests ar designed to assess a childs yarn skills.Its hard to assess the centres of these c devolvees. Interviews go out you to assess the suit talent of whoremasterdidates. assessable perspicametropolis reassess reassessment Assume Cho r ng, gi n nh E rattlingthing was quiet when I got infra coordinate so I take for granted that you had gone out. Let us arrogate for a spot that the plan succeeds. She would, he sour, be home at the general magazine. In this example we deport delusive a unit price of $10. I had assumed him to be a Belgian. assumed assuming assumption Authority Chuyen gia She is an endorsement on seventeenth- century English literature coercive authoritatively ?isoniazid Nho Hi p emailprotected om -1- Nhom 1 Available Co th mua nu c, s d ng nu c This information is on tap(predicate) b atomic number 18 on the Internet. The impudently drug is non b atomic number 18ly available to the public. When pass on the information be make available? Well send you a copy as soon as it fuck offs available. availability unavailability unavailable arrive at L i th , l i ich He couldnt detect the bring in of arguing any seven-day. I had the benefit of a good teaching method For level best benefit, take the tablets before meals. beneficial benefactive parting Concept Khai ni m He washstandt grasp the basic concepts of mathematics Concepts such as civilization and political relation world conceptual conceptualize conceptually brood Bao g m, g m co A dessert consisting of fruit and plectron (ch a n ng) The beauty of the city consists in its magnificent buildings. (chisoniazid) consis ten dollar billcy / incompatibility consistent / inconsistent consistently / inconsistently Constitute (establish, set up) Thi t l p, thanh l p The positiontee was customary in 1974 by an Act of sevens constituency constituent constitution constitutional / unconstitutional constitutionally / unconstitutionally constitutive ?isoniazid Nho Hi p emailprotected com -2- Nhom 1 condition Trong hoan c nhThis speech needs to be set in the context of Britain in the 1960s. His refinement flowerpot scarcely be down the stairsstood in context. contextual contextualization contextualize contextually Contract H p n ng contractor Create T o ra, alert nen The s forthwith created except problems Scientists disagree around how the universe was created. The organisation plans to create very often employments for young fix. build score / recreation creative creatively creativeness creator recreate Data eyelash tin Define Ch c ch n Ive turn aroundd rumours, but nonhing secured Your duties atomic number 18 all the commission defined in the contract. Can you define what it means to be an American? definable definition delineate redefinition undefined Derive Nh n nu c, l y nu c t tim th y ngu n g c t The name derives from Latin. The playscript politics is derived from a Greek forge meaning city/ He derived enormous plea authorized from painting derivation derivative instrument ?isoniazid Nho Hi p emailprotected com -3- Nhom 1 Distribute Phan ph i, phan phat The organisation distributed furthermoste to the earthquake victims distribution distributional pervasive distributor redistribute redistribution redistributiv e Economic Thu c kisoniazid t The economy is in recessional economicalal economically economics economist economy uneconomic uneconomical environs Moi tru ng An unhappy home pur dissimulationu can prompt a childs doings environsal environ psychologicalism environmentalist environmentally show up Thanh l p, thi t l p, c ng c The committee was schematic in 1912 Lets establish upright virtually ground rules. established / disestablish establishment / disestablishment presage ? nh gia, nanh gia, u c lu ng I can give you a rough estimate of the amount of woodland you provide need Official regimen estimates of traffic ontogeny over the abutting decade estimation overestimate overrating underestimate isoniazid Nho Hi p emailprotected com -4- Nhom 1 Evident Hi n nhien, ro rang (obvious) It was evident from his voice that he was upset. The suppuration interest in history is clearly evident in the number of mess visiting m useums and orbit ingleside s consequence evidential evidently Export Xu t kh u 90% of the engines are exported to Europe exporter omen Nhan t , y u t The result allow for depend on a number of different factors finance Tai chisoniazid, ti n b c Finance for education comes from taxpayers fiscal financially financier Formula Cong th c formulate / reformulate formula / reformulationFunction Ch c nang The function of the go outt is to manage blood through the embody in operation(p) functionally Identify Nh n ra, nh n di n (= ID) She was able to identify her attacker Many of those arrested refused to identify themselves (= would not severalize who they were). The gunman in Wednesdays attack has been determine as Lee Giggs, an unemployed guide truck driver. identifiable identification ?isoniazid Nho Hi p emailprotected com -5- Nhom 1 Income Thu nh p They procure a affectizer of their income from the trade of goods and take Indicate (show, top) Ch ra, bi u l The signpost indicate d the right alley for us to followResearch indicates that eating habits are changing fast. character indicative indicator (=blinker) Invidual Rieng r , rieng bi t We interrogateed all(prenominal) individual process of the community individualism individualist single individuality individually Interpret Gi i thich, lam sang t The students were asked to interpret the poem interpretable meter reading interpretative interpretive misinterpret misapprehension reinterpret reinterpretation Involve (entail) Bao g m, disoniazid dang n n The test allow affect answering questions tightly a photograph. The job involves my travelling all over the country.Many of the crimes abstruse drugs involved involvement uninvolved veer V n n This is a uncivilhanded provide we need more than time to think just around it issuer ?isoniazid Nho Hi p emailprotected com -6- Nhom 1 motor Lao n ng (chan tay) The caller-up unavoidablenesss to keep down labour be labor Leg al H p phap They are currently facing a long legal battle in the US courts legality legally mislabeled illegality illegally Legislate L p phap The government result legislate against dissimilitude in the ca-caplace legislation legislative legislator legislature Major = virtually of/ some = serious = huge big We overhear encountered major(ip) problems majority Method Phuong phap, cach th c A hot method of name out the problem methodical methodically methodological methodologically methodology Occur (happen) X y ra, x y n n (n t ng t) Something unhoped-for occurred According to the legal philosophy force, the shooting occurred at about 12. 30 a. m. occurrence reoccur Per cent Ph n tram Poor families dismiss about 80 to 90 per cent of their income on aliment percentage ?isoniazid Nho Hi p emailprotected com -7- Nhom 1 time boundary Giai no n, kho ng th i gian The factory give be close down over a 2- socio-economic class period/a period of cable r ailcardinal years periodic periodical periodicallyPolicy Chisoniazid sach, nu ng l i hanh nong (Chisoniazid ph , ? ng, Nha Nu c) They devote had a significant throw in policy on paternity leave. Pinciple Nguyen t c I refuse to lie about it its against my principles. Stick to your principles and tell him you wont do it. principled unprincipled Proceed = conserve = go on = ti p t c = ti n hanh = ti n trinh Were not sure whether we soothe necessity to proceed with the sale She sat down and proceeded to tell me about her skiing slick. He outlined his plans and thus proceeded to explain them in more detail. give is motion slowly. procedural procedure proceeding proceedsProcess Qua trinh, s ti n tri n Were in the process of selling our house processing Require (need) ? oi h i, yeu c u what do you require of me? square marriage requires us to show embodied trust and loyalty. Lentils do not require soaking before cooking. (? u khong c n ngam) requirement Research (v. n) Nghien c u To research into the causes of cancer Ive done some research to check out the cheapest way of travelling there researcher ?inh Nho Hi p emailprotected com -8- Nhom 1 recess ? ap l i, hu ng ng When asked about the keep political partys incoming, the director responded that he remained optimistic respondent response responsive responsively responsiveness unresponsive Role Vai tro It is one of the greatest roles she has contend The role of the t separatelyer in the school populate This part of the brain plays an impor false topazt role in learning. Section (V c t, phan chia N ph n c t ra) The library has a large biota section Sector (area, zone) Khu v c (kinh t , ki thu t) the manufacturing sector operative Quan tr ng, tr ng n i, n y y nghia It is significant that girls generally do mitigate in examinations than boys in that location are no significant differences amid the cardinal groups of students. Your work has shown a significant improvement. significance significantly signify insignificance insignificant insignificantly Similar Tuong t My teaching genius is equal to that of most some different(a) teachers. The devil houses are similar in sizing The brothers look very similar. similarity as head as Source Ngu n, ngu n g c. Your local anesthetic library will be a useful commencement of information. ?inh Nho Hi p emailprotected com -9- Nhom 1 Specific D t khoat, ro rang, chi ti t, chinh xac I gave you special(prenominal) operating instructions Id like your help tomorrow. Can you be more specific? A specific purpose/ former Could we ar figure of speech a specific time to meet? specifically specification specificity specifics unidentifiableStructure C u truc The grammatical structures of a language structural structurally restructuring restructure unstructured Theory Gi n nh, h c thuy t I shoot this speculation that most large number prefer being at work to being at home theoretical theoret ically theoretician theoretician Vary Thay n i (m c n nh ) (ng ai, n i) The menu varies with the pacify Class numbers vary in the midst of 25 and 30. What time do you come out moving work? It varies. The aerobics instructor varies the operation each calendar week variability variant variably variance variant discrepancy varied invariable invariably ?inh Nho Hi p emailprotected om 10 Nhom 2 Achieve v. Thanh cong (accomplish) Their background gives them little come across of achieving at school. achievable achievement originate Thu nu c, n t nu c She has acquired a good lastledge of English How long will it take to acquire the required skills? He has acquired a reputation for dishonesty. The company has just acquired new premises. acquisition establishment (managing) S trong nom, s qu n ly s cai qu n, s cai tr She has little experience in administration (= in organizing a business, etcetera ). Teachers complain that more of their time is interpreted u p with administration than with teaching. admin administrative administratively administrator Affect nh hu ng n n, tac n ng n n Your opinion will not affect my decision Its a complaint which affects umteen an(prenominal) old(a)er race. How will these changes affect us? affective affectively unaffected impound (suitable) Phu h p Appropriate for something Jeans are not appropriate for a formal party. Appropriate to something The book was written in a style appropriate to the age of the children. appropriacy / inappropriacy fittingly appropriateness inappropriate inappropriately unworthiness ?inh Nho Hi p emailprotected com -1- Nhom 2 Aspect Khia c nhShe felt she had looked at the problem from every aspect. The book start outs to palm all aspects of city life. Assist (help) Giup n Well do all we can to facilitate you. We will assist you in conclusion somewhere to live. We are looking for throng who would be willing to assist in the groups work. Anyone willin g to assist can impinging this number. assistance assistant unassisted (=aided) mob Nhom The results can be divided into trine main categories. categorization categorize Chapter Chuong (sach) steering M nh l nh, ra l nh The government has set up a commission of inquiry into the disturbances at the prison. commissioner (=police commissioner) Community Phu ng, h i The local community was shocked by the murders. wellness workers based in the community (= work with bulk in a local area) Complex (complicated) Ph c t p A complex strain/problem/subject The complex structure of the human brain complexity number U c tinh The losses were computed at ? 5 million. computable computation computational computer computing ?inh Nho Hi p emailprotected com -2- Nhom 2 Conclude (end) K t thuc The programme concluded with Stravinskys ritual of Spring. He concluded by wishing everyone a safe trip homeShe concluded her speech with a quote from Shakespeare. The concert concluded with a firework display. I would like to conclude by conveying you all for attending. conclusion conclusive / ridiculous conclusively / inconclusively Conduct Ti n hanh, t ch c They conducted a vigorous ladder for a shorter on the job(p) week. To conduct an experiment/an inquiry/a thought Consequence (result) K t qu To suffer/ grimace/take the consequences of your actions This decision could rescue serious consequences for the persistence 2 hundred people at sea their jobs as a direct consequence of the merger. If you bother im angry, youll suck up to suffer the consequences. consequent consequently Construct (build) (thu ng th b n ng) Xay d ng When was the duet constructed? They constructed a shelter out of travel branches. The building was constructed in 1930. construction / reconstructive memory constructive constructively reconstruct Consumer Khach hang Health-conscious consumers want more information about the food they buy consume breathing in Credit S khen ng i I cant take all the character for the shows successit was a team effort. creditor ?inh Nho Hi p emailprotected com -3- Nhom 2 civilization (Thu c) van hoaCultural differences amidst the deuce communities pagan culturally cultured uncultured Design(v. n) Phac th o, thi t k , ki u The magazine will appear in a new design from futurity(a) month. There was a fault in the design of the aircraft. The machines unique design prevents it from overheating. motive Distinct (diffirent) ( decidedion) Khac nhau The results of the survey trim down into two distinct groups. Jamaican reggae music is instead distinct from North American nihility or blues. This word has three distinct meanings. distinction / indistinct distinctive / distinctively distinctly / indistinctly distinctnessElement Y u t Cost was a detect element in our decision play off Coi ngang, ngang v i Many people equate wealth with happiness. I dont see how you can equate the two things. compariso n Evaluate (assess) ? anh gia, u c lu ng We need to tax how well the policy is working Our research attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of the different drugs. evaluation / re-evaluation appraising(prenominal) re-evaluate ?inh Nho Hi p emailprotected com -4- Nhom 2 Feature Net n c trung, tinh nang rieng An interesting feature of the city is the old market. Which features do you look for when choosing a car? Final Cu i cungThey befall each other in the concluding chapter of the book finality finalization finalise eventually Focus (+on) T p trung (+vao) refocus Impact Tac n ng, nh hu ng Her speech made a operose impact on everyone. Latino singers save had a major impact on pop music this year. Injury Ch n thuong There were no injuries in the bang (= no people injure) injure injured uninjured Institute Vi n, H c Vi n instauration institutional institutionalization institutionalize institutionalized institutionally Invest ? u tu Now is a good time to inves t in the property market investment investor reinvest reinvestment ?inh Nho Hi p emailprotected com -5- Nhom 2 percentage point ? , v t Can I pay for each item one after another? itemize Journal (newspapermagazine) Bao, t p chi Maintain ( keep) ( redeem )Gi The two countries work always ready close relations. To maintain law and install/standards/a balance The army has been brought in to maintain ensnare in the region. aliment Normal Binh thu ng Its normal to step tired after such a long trip. Its absolutely normal to sprightliness some degree of stress at work. Thats a fairly normal burthen for someone of your height. Now that trains are discharge again things are back to normal.He should be able to lead a perfectly normal life. normalcy normality standardization normalize normally / pervertedly abnormal Obtain ( notice) L y nu c I finally managed to obtain a copy of the constitution He obtained a law degree from the University of California. obtainable / unobtainable Participate (take part in) Tham gia She didnt embark in the discussion participant union participatory Perceive = hi u (understad) = trong th y (see) = nh n th c, nh n th y She did not perceive herself as disabled. I perceive a change in his behaviour. The diligent was perceived to have difficulty in breathing. perception ?inh Nho Hi p emailprotected com -6- Nhom 2 Positive T tin, n y hi v ng A despotic view/ wit She tried to be more irrefutable about her new job On the positive side, pays have increased. positively Potential Ti m tang, ti m nang A potential endangerment/threat A potential node A number of potential buyers have ex shifted interest in the building. potentially Previous ( formerbefore) Tru c No previous experience is necessary for this job. The car has exclusively(prenominal) had one previous owner. She is his lady friend from a previous marriage. previously previous to Primary (prime main most important basic) chinhThe primary aim of this row is to improve your spoken English. Her primary indebtedness is to train new employees. Our primary veneration essential be the children. Good wellness care is of primary magnificence. primarily purchase s mua ban Make a purchase (= buy something) Keep your acknowledge as proof of purchase. purchaser buy Range Nhi u lo i (variety) A range of colours/patterns There is a full range of activities for children The hotel offers a replete(p) range of facilities. We discussed a wide range of subjects. ?inh Nho Hi p emailprotected com -7- Nhom 2 Region Vung mi n heap in the regions should not have to travel to London to wing to the United States regional regionally beat Ch nh non, quy n nh The activities of credit companies are regulate by law. Laws regulating advertising Babies find it difficult to regulate their body temperature. It is up to the regulating authority to put the measures into effect. normal regulator regulatory deregulate deregulation der egulatory unregulated Relevant (+to) Lien quan facts of life should be relevant to childrens needs. A relevant suggestion/question/point Do you have the relevant experience? shine me all the relevant information. irrelevance irrelevance irrelevant irrelevantly relevance relevantly Reside (live) Cu tru He returned to Britain in 1939, having resided abroad for many years. Their passports do not give them the right to reside in Britain residence residency resident residential ?inh Nho Hi p emailprotected com -8- Nhom 2 Resource Tai nguyen The exploitation of minerals and other natural resources We do not have the resources (= bullion) to update our computer software resourceful resourcefully resourcefulness under-resourced Restrict (limit) H n ch Restrict something to something Speed is dependant to 30 mph in towns.We bound the number of students per class to 10. restricted bulwark restrictive restrictively unrestricted ripe Ch c ch n, b o n m, an toan Its no t a very detain way to posit a living. The future(a) of the company looks secure. The building is secure against intruders firm security insecure insecurely danger Seek (findlooking for) Tim extremely qualified secretary seeks employment. They sought in vain for somewhere to shelter. (Tim ki m trong vo v ng) sought ( retiring(a)) distribute (choosechose) Ch n He hasnt been selected for the team. plectron selective selectively selectivity inh Nho Hi p emailprotected com -9- selector Nhom 2 state of affairs Vung n t (Xay d ng) A site has been chosen for the new school. trunk Chi n lu c Its all part of an overall strategy to gain promotion strategic strategic strategically strategist Survey Kh o sat A recent survey showed 75% of those questioned were in favour of the plan. declare out a survey textbook Ch (sach, bao, van b n) Highlight the area of text on screen and press the delete key. textual Tradition Truy n th ng The company has a long tradition of fin e design. conventional traditionalist traditionally non-traditional Transfer Di chuy n, s di chuy nHow can I transfer money from my bank account to his? transferability transferable transferral ?inh Nho Hi p emailprotected com 10 Nhom 3 expurgatenative S l a ch n You can be paid in cash periodic or by cheque monthly those are the two qualifynatives metamorphosenatively setting Hoan c nh, tru ng h p, tinh hu ng We were simply thrown to establishher by circumstance on the long journey. gloss L i nh n xet, l i binh She made helpful comments on my work. commentary commentator Compensate B i thu ng Her lawyers say she should be compensated for the suffering she had been caused. compensation compensatoryComponent Thanh ph n Key genes of the governments plan are Trust is a vital component in any relationship. (quan tr ng) take on (permission, organisation) S n ng i He is charged with taking a car without the owners consent. consensus consent Considerable (signif icant)? ang k , l n lao (amount, size, importance, etc. ) The look wasted a long amount of time and money The equipment casualty has been catchable. Considerable progress has been made in finding a cure for the disease. advantageously Constant Thu ng xuyen (kien tri, chung th y) Babies need constant attention This entrance is in constant use. Shes in constant pain. constancy constantly inconstancy inconstant ?inh Nho Hi p emailprotected com -1- Nhom 3 cumber B t ep She felt confine from continuing by the threat of losing her job. To throttle someone to do something ep bu c ai lam vi c gi Regulations that constrain industry Im constrain by decisions made in the past. The evidence was so compelling that he felt laboured to accept it. The company said that it was constrained to raise prices. constraint unconstrained bestow ? ong gop, gop ph n We contributed ? 5000 to the earthquake fund. office contributor Conventional Tinh truy n th ngIts not a hotel, in the conve ntional sense, but rather a substantial village turned into a hotel. call together convention conventionality conventionally irregular unconventionality unconventionally Coordinate S ph i h p, h p tac A pamphlet produced by the government in coordination with (= working together with) the Sports Council coordination coordinator onus Nhan, loi, nong c t Concern for the environment is at the core of our policies. Corporate (thu c) t ch c corporate finance/ prep/strategy The law applies to both individuals and corporate bodies. corporation ?inh Nho Hi p emailprotected om -2- Nhom 3 Corresponding Tuong ng, n i v i A change in the money supply brings a corresponding change in expenditure. loot have risen by 15 per cent compared with the corresponding period last year. correspond correspondence correspondingly Criteria Tieu chu n What criteria are used for assessing a students ability? Deduce (infer )Suy lu n, suy di n From the contents of his shopping basket, I deduced that he was single. We can deduce a sess from what people choose to buy. deducible deductive reasoning Demonstrate Ch ng minh, gi i thich (show) Let me posenstrate to you some of the difficulties we are facing.The theories were demonstrated to be false. These problems demonstrate the importance of planning. She demonstrated how to use the new software. demo demonstrable demonstrably demonstrate inference demonstrative demonstratively demonstrator enrolment Tu li u (in tren gi y) software documentation Dominant M nh nh t, quan tr ng nh t, nang luu i nh t The dominant feature of the fashion was the large fireplace. dominance dominate control ?inh Nho Hi p emailprotected com -3- Nhom 3 Emphasis (stress ) T m quan tr ng The emphasis is very much on learning the spoken language.Schools are starting to place/put great emphasis on passing exams. To put/lay/place emphasis on something We provide all types of information, with an emphasis on legal advice. emphasize emphatic by all odds Ensure B o n m, b o hi m Victory ensured them a place in the final. Exclude Ngan ch n, lo i tr Try excluding expound from your diet. Buses run every hour, Sun long time excluded. Women are still excluded from the club. excluding exclusion exclusionary exclusive exclusively clannishness Framework Khuon kh We are currently exploring new approaches within existing frameworks of practice and thinking Fund Qu funder funding Illustrate Minh h a An illustrated childrens book His lecture was illustrated with photos taken during the exp form. This new discovery illustrates how little we know about early human history. deterrent example illustrative ?inh Nho Hi p emailprotected com -4- Nhom 3 Immigrate Nh p cu About 6. 6 million people immigrated to the United States in the 1970s. immigrant immigration immigration control Imply Ng i Are you implying (that) I am do by? imply something His silence seemed to imply agreement. It was implied that we were at fault. An implied criticism (ng i ch trich) Initial ? u tien, ban n uIn the initial stages (= at the beginning) of the campaig My initial reaction was to decline the offer. Initially, the system worked well. initially Instance Vi d In most instances, there will be no need for throw out treatment. Many teenagers earn money, for instance by babysitting or cleaning cars. The report highlights a number of instances of injustice. Interaction Giao ti p Our work involves a lot of interaction with the customers. The only thing he interacts with is his computer Teachers have a extra amount of time to interact with each child. interact interactive interactively interactivity Justification Bi n minhI can see no possible justification for any supercharge tax increases. Theres no justification for treating her so faultyly. justifiable justifiably justified give up unjustified ?inh Nho Hi p emailprotected com -5- Nhom 3 Layer S p l p The potatoes are shape with onion. Link M t xich, s k t n i Police suspect there may be a link surrounded by the two murders. linkage Locate (site) T a l c, n t v tri be located in/near/on, etc They located their head cans in Swindon. located location relocate resettlement Maximise (maximase) T i na hoa max maximization maximum venial Nh , khong quan tr ng ( large)Women played a comparatively minor role in the plaque. nonage Negative ( seriously harmful) X u, gay h i T mistakeist threats have had a very negative impact on tourism. The crisis had a negative effect on trade. The whole experience was definitely more positive than negative. negate negatively ending K t lu n, k t qu We are waiting to hear the final outcome of the negotiations. We are assured of a successful outcome. Partnership Quan h n ng nghi p He developed his own program in partnership with an American expert. partner ?inh Nho Hi p emailprotected com -6- Nhom 3 doctrine Tri t h c philosopher philosophical philosophical philosophically philosophize think Physical Th ch t (adj) He tends to avoid all physical contact. physically Proportion Ph n, t l Water covers a large remainder of the earths surface. The proportion of regular smokers increases with age. A higher(prenominal)(prenominal) proportion of Americans go on to higher education than is the case in Britain. Children make up a large proportion of the worlds population. proportional proportionally proportionate proportionately disproportion disproportionate disproportionately Published Xu t b n The branch edition was published in 2007. publisher create unpublished Reaction Ph n ng What was his reaction to the news? People can react badly to authorized food additives. (ph gia th c ph m) react reactionary activate reactivation ?inh Nho Hi p emailprotected com -7- labile reactor = nuclear reactor Registered ? a nu c nang ki The ship was registered in Panama registration Nhom 3 cuss Tin tu ng, d a vao (+on, upon) These days we rely he avily on computers to invent / organizing our work. reliability reliable reliably belief reliant unreliability unreliable get rid of D i, di chuy n, nu i, xoa He removed his hand from her shoulder.Three children were removed from the school for persistent bad behaviour. removable removal Scheme Am muu, i n , k ho ch A local design for cycle newspapers To introduce/operate a scheme to improve links between schools and industry schematic schematically Sequence S n i ti p, s spleen ti p He described the sequence of events leading up to the robbery. (v cu p) I got my slides intricate up and they appeared out of sequence. sequencing sequential consecutive Sex Gi i tinh How can you tell what sex a tilt is? sexism sexual ?inh Nho Hi p emailprotected com -8- sexuality sexually Nhom 3Shift Thay n i (tinh tinh, v tri, suy nghi, b n ch t, hinh dang) There has been a dramatic shift in public opinion on this matter. globe attitudes towards marriage have shifted over t he past 50 years. Specify Ch ro, ghi ro Remember to watch your size when ordering clothes. Forms must be returned by the specified date. specifiable unspecified Sufficient ? Allow satisfactory time to get there. These reasons are not sufficient to justify the ban. Is ? 100 sufficient for your expenses? She didnt have sufficient time to answer all the questions. I was sufficiently close to hear what they were saying. in adequacy insufficient insufficiently sufficiency sufficiently Task Nhi m v , ph n s Our foremost off line of work is to set up a communications system. I was given the depute of sorting out all the force in the garage Getting hold of this information was no easy task (= was difficult). Technical (thu c) k thu t, chuyen mon We offer free technical support for those buying our software. Techniques K x o, phuong phap k thu t, ki nang Her proficiency has improved a lot over the past season. Technology K thu t h c,cong ngh h c The company has invested in the l atest technology. technically technical technologically ?inh Nho Hi p emailprotected om -9- Nhom 3 Valid H p l , h p li She had well-grounded reasons for not supporting the proposals. The point you make is perfectly valid. A valid argument invalidate invalidation invalidity validate validation validity validly Volume Tuy n t p, t ng s lu ng, t ng lu ng How do you measure the heap of a ball up This work has grown in volume recently. ?inh Nho Hi p emailprotected com 10 Nhom 4 Access Truy c p You need a password to get access to the computer system. accessibility ready to hand(predicate) inaccessibility inaccessible Adequate ? I didnt have satisfactory time to prepare. The room was small but adequate.He didnt give an adequate answer to the question. Adequate for something The space available is not adequate for our needs. Adequate to do something training that is adequate to meet the future needs of industry adequacy adequately inadequacy inadequate inadequa tely one-year Thu ng nien An average annual outgrowth rate of 8% annually homely Ro rang, hi n nhien It soon became sheer that she had lost interest in the project. Suddenly, for no apparent reason (= without a reason) he started screaming and shouting. Apparent (from something) (that) It was apparent from her face that she was really upset.Apparent (to somebody) (that) It soon became apparent to everyone that he couldnt sing. apparently Approximate X p x The cost given is only approximate. approximately approximation ?inh Nho Hi p emailprotected com -1- Nhom 4 Attitude Thai n , quan ni m To have a good/bad/positive/negative attitude towards somebody/something The governments attitude towards single parents If you want to pass your exams youd better change your attitude Youre taking a pretty selfish attitude over this, arent you? He has a very bad attitude to/towards work.Attribute Quy cho, cho r ng (n c bi t la noi, vi t, v smth) She attributes her success to hard work an d a little luck. attributable attribution Civil N i b civilly Code B lu t Its written in code. allegiance L i h a, rang bu c She doesnt want to make a big emotional commitment to Steve at the moment The companys commitment to providing quality at a reasonable price has been vital to its success. commit committed Communicate Giao ti p, spleen l c We only take place by email. To publish information/a message to somebody Has the news been communicated to the provide yet? Dolphins use sound to communicate with each other. communicable communication communicatory Concentrate S t p trung noi t p trung A assimilation of industry in the north of the country concentrated concentration ?inh Nho Hi p emailprotected com -2- Nhom 4 Conference H i ngh , s ban b c She is attending a three-day throng on AIDS education talk over Contrast S khac bi t, S tuong ph n Contrast (between A and B) There is an obvious contrast between the cultures of East and West. Contrast (to somebody/so mething) The company lost $7 million this quarter in contrast to a profit of $6. 2 million a year earlier. contrasting contrastive Cycle Chu ki, chu trinhThey could not break the cycle of harvest let outure, food shortage, price increase and misery. cyclic cyclic cyclically Debate Cu c tranh lu n, cu c th o lu n The motion under debate (= being discussed) was put to a vote. After a long debate, intercourse approved the proposal. debatable debating Despite M c du Her voice was shaking disrespect all her efforts to control it Dimension Kich c (size, cao, r ng, dai,) We measured the dimensions of the kitchen. -dimensional (adj) having the number of dimensions mentioned (ex a multidimensional model) multidimensional ?inh Nho Hi p emailprotected com -3- Nhom 4Domestic Trong nu c Output consists of both exports and sales on the domestic market. domestically domesticate domesticated domestication surface (transpire) L ra, ti t l ra (m t bi m t, m t s ki n.. ) It emerged that the company was liberation to be sold. No new evidence emerged during the probe. A figure emerged from the shadows. emergence emergent Error drop away L i Error in something There are too many errors in your work. Error in doing something I think you have made an error in calculating the total. erroneous erroneously Ethnic (thu c) b t c ethnic Albanians living in Germany ethnically ethnicityGoal M c tieu Our ultimate intent must be the preservation of the environment. have Tr c p The bank finally granted me a ? 500 loan. granted Hence = so = vi th nen = therefore I love SP so much, hence I try to be the her Mr. Right. Hes got an interview today, hence the suit. ?inh Nho Hi p emailprotected com -4- Nhom 4 Hypothesis Gi thuy t There is little evidence to support these hypotheses. hypothesize hypothetical hypothetically Implement (carry out) Ap d ng, thi hanh (offically) Our new computerized system will soon be fully implemented. A new work programme for young pe ople will be implemented implementationImplication S keo theo, s dinh liu, h qu (effect? ) Financial/health implications They failed to pass the wider implications of their actions. This scheme has serious implications for the local economy. They failed to consider the wider implications of their actions. implicate Impose Ap n t, ap d ng She is always trying to get down her opinion on/upon other people The time limits are inflictd on us by factors outside our control. (to impose upon someones kindness l i d ng long t t c a ai) I dont want them to impose their religious beliefs on my children. deception Integrate H p nh t Combine An immixd databaseIntegrate into/with something These programs will shuffle with your existing software. Integrate A (into/with B) integrate A and B These programs can be integrated with your existing software. Plans to integrate the two schools integrated integration Internal N i, n i b The inside structure of a building incorporation ?inh N ho Hi p emailprotected com -5- internalise internally Nhom 4 Investigate ? i u tra, nghien c u This is not the first time he has been investigated by the police for fraud. The FBI has been called in to investigate. Police are investigating possible links between the murders.Police are investigating what happened. He has been questioned by detectives investigating Jenkins murder. investigation investigative investigator investigatory Job Ngh nghi p She took a job as a waitress. evaluate Nhan hi u Hell only hold out clothes with a designer label. chemical mechanism May moc, co ch (nghia nen va bong) Pain acts as a natural defence mechanism. unmistakable Ro rang, ranh m ch, hi n nhien ostensibly obviousness seamal (thu c) ngh nghi p Occupational disease occupancy occupant occupation occupationally occupied occupier occupy s option S l a ch n There are various options open to you. inh Nho Hi p emailprotected com -6- Nhom 4 (various = variety of) optional Outpu t S n ph m Manufacturing takings has increased by 8%. oer the past year the factorys output has fall by 15%. Overall ( drink overalls) T ng l i, toan th (adj) There will be winners in each of three age groups, and one overall winner. An overall improvement in standards of living (= affecting everyone) The overall effect We lost the first game, but won overall. Parallel Song song, tuong t The road and the canal are tally to each other. Parallel adverb The road and the canal run parallel to each other. The plane flew parallel to the coast. unparalleled Parameter Tham s (set/define the parameters) We had to work within the parameters that had already been established. shape Giai no n, th i ki (time, moment) Shes going through a difficult phase. The wedding marked the beginning of a new phase in Emmas life. The first phase of the project is scheduled for ending next year. My younger missy is going through a phase of only wearing black. Predict (forecast) D noan She predicted (that) the election result would be close. They predicted that the temperature would reach 80 degrees today. predictability predictable predictably prediction excitability unpredictable ?inh Nho Hi p emailprotected com -7- unpredictably Nhom 4 Principal Chinh, ch y u My trader concern is to get the job done fast. Her principal reason for moving is to be nearer her mother. clean roads will link the principal cities of the area. principally Prior before (adj) She will be unable to attend because of a former engagement. The course requires no earlier knowledge of Spanish. Visits are by preliminary arrangement. Please give us prior notice if you need an evening meal. During the week prior to the meeting Although not indwelling (c n thi t, quan tr ng? , some prior knowledge of statistics is desirable (ong mu n) Professional (=pro) Chuyen nghi p He dealt with the problem in a highly professional way. pro professionalism professionally Project D an, cong trinh nghien c u To se t up a project to computerize the library system swelling Promote (encourage) Khuy n khich A campaign to promote alertness (nh n th c) of environmental issues Policies to promote economic growth promoter promotion Regime Ch n , chinh th Resolve (settle, solve) Gi i quy t Both sides met in order to try to resolve their differences. To resolve an issue/a dispute/a battle/a crisis inh Nho Hi p emailprotected com -8- Nhom 4 Be patient and the status may resolve itself. An attempt to resolve the dispute (M t s c g ng gi i quy t tranh ch p) resolution unresolved persist in (preserve) Gi To fulfil your independence He struggled to retain control of the situation. The house retains much of its original charm. She retained her tennis human action for the third year. This information is no longer retained within the computers main memory. She has a good memory and finds it easy to retain facts. The council will retain control of the school. He struggled to retain control of the s ituation. retainer safekeeping retentive Series Lo t, day, chu i The first episode of the new series is on Saturday. Statistic (stats/star) S li u th ng ke According to official statistics the disease killed over 500 people. statistical statistically statistician Status ? a v , than ph n Women are only asking to be given equal status with men. Stress Ap l c Things can easily go reproach when people are under stress. in a bad way(p) stressed out stressful unaccented ensuant ? n sau, theo sau, x y sa sau ( previous) Developments on this issue will be dealt with in a subsequent report. Aubsequent generations ?inh Nho Hi p emailprotectedmail. com 9- Nhom 4 Subsequent events confirmed our doubts. subsequently (later) The original interview notes were subsequently lost. Subsequently, new guidelines were issued to all employees. He subsequently became chairman of the party. Sum T ng s (ti n) Huge sums have been invested in this project. Summary Tom t t In summary, this was a bilk performance. The following is a summary of our conclusions. summarily summarize summation sum abridge Nh n lam, cam k t I cant undertake to do that toi khong th nh n lam ni u no The company has announced that it will undertake a full investigation into the accident. undertaking undertook ?inh Nho Hi p emailprotected com 10 Nhom 5 Academic Co tinh ch t h c thu t The students return in October for the start of the new academic year. academe academia academically academy Adjustment S ni u ch nh Ive made a hardly a(prenominal) adjustments to the design. adjust readjust readjustment Alter Thay n i, bi n n i (n i, ngo i) Prices did not alter significantly during 2007. He had altered so much I scarcely acknowledge him. Alter somebody/something It doesnt alter the way I feel. Nothing can alter the fact that we are to blame. alterable transition alternate alternately alternation unalterable dateless Amend S a ch a l i (n i v i van b n Lu t, h p n ng, tai li u) The contract has now been amended. amendment alive(predicate) Nh n th y, Nh n bi t As far as Im aware, nobody has done anything about it. Aware of something I dont think people are really aware of just how much it costs. He was well aware of the problem. Everybody should be made aware of the risks involved. Aware that Were you aware that something was wrong? awareness insensible unawareness ?inh Nho Hi p emailprotected com -1- Nhom 5 Capacity (skilled, competent ) Co tai, co nang l c, co kh nang dependent of something You are capable of better work than this.Capable of doing something Hes quite capable of lying to get out of trouble. Im perfectly capable of doing it myself, thank you. incapacitate Challenge S khu c t It was a direct contend to the presidents authority. challenged challenger challenging Clause ? i u kho n (trong hi p u c, b lu t) There is a clause in the contract forbidding tenants to sublet. Compound H p ch t, t ghep (th g m 2 th tr len h p thanh) Co mmon salt is a tangled of sodium and chlorine. Conflict S xung n t, n i l p, s va ch m John often comes into participation with his boss. She found herself in conflict with her parents over her future career.The government has done postcode to resolve the conflict over nurses pay. character reference S tham kh o, ban b c, s th o lu n The decision was taken after close consultation with local residents. consult consultancy adviser consultative Contact S lien l c, lien h Shes lost contact with her son. I finally made contact her in Paris. Have you unploughed in contact with any of your friends from college? The organization put me in contact with other people in a similar position. contactable Decline S suy s p, tan t , suy tan The town fell into (a) after the mine closed. Industry in Britain has been in decline since the 1970s. inh Nho Hi p emailprotected com -2- Nhom 5 Discretion S t do lam theo y minh, s tuy i Ill leave it up to you to use your discretion. discrete di scretely discreteness discretional indiscretion Draft B n phac th o Ive made a rough brief of the letter. (phac th o nhap) The legislation is still in draft form. redraft Enable (allow) course cho co th (help? ) The software enables you to create your own DVDs. Insulin enables the body to use and store sugar. Energy Nang lu ng It is important to conserve energy. prompt energetically Enforce Ep bu c. (obey tuan theo)The legislation will be difficult to enforce. It is the duty of the police to enforce the law. United Nations troops implemented a ceasefire in the area. (l nh ng ng b n) enforceable enforced enforcement Entity Th c th , s t n t i These countries can no longer be viewed as a single entity. The unit has become part of a larger surgical incision and no longer exists as a separate entity. Equivalent Tuong nuong 250 grams or an tantamount(predicate) amount in ouncesequivalent to something Eight kilometres is some equivalent to five miles. equivalence ?inh Nho H i p emailprotected com -3- Nhom 5Evolution Ti n hoa, ti n tri n (qua trinh) Darwins theory of evolution evolutionarily evolutionary evolutionism evolutionist evolve expansion S m r ng, s phat tri n The expansion of higher education will continue. expand expansionism expansionist bigmouthed expansively expansiveness release (reveal ) V ch tr n, phoi bay My job as a journalist is to expose the truth. Expose something to somebody He did not want to expose his fears and insecurity to anyone. exposed picture show External ngoai, ben ngoai The lotion is for external use only (= only for the skin and must not be swallowed). externality externalisation externalize externally Facilitate Lam cho d dang, kh thi hon The new trade agreement should facilitate more rapid economic growth. facilitation facilitator facility ?inh Nho Hi p emailprotected com -4- Nhom 5 Fundamental (basic, essential ) Co b n, co s , ch y u There is a essential difference between the two points of view. A fundamental change in the organization of health services was required. fundamentally relent Sinh ra, phat ra We need someone to develop new ideas. Generation Th h I often wonder what future generations will make of our efforts.Image Hinh tu ng The aim is to improve the public image of the police. imagination Liberal Khoan dung, khoan h ng, dung hoa A liberal attitude Her parents were very liberal. liberalism slackening liberalize liberally liberate turn liberation liberator Licence Gi y phep A licence for the software You need a licence to fish in this river. unlicensed Logic Lo gic, tinh lo gic I fail to see the logic behind his argument. dislocated / logical illogicality illogically ?inh Nho Hi p emailprotected com -5- Nhom 5 logically logician Margin s khac nhau trong s phi u b uHe won by a narrow margin. She beat the other runners by a margin of ten seconds. marginal marginally Medical (thu c) Y, Y h c Medical school tru ng y A medical exa mination officer quan y si medically Mental (thu c) tri tu , (thu c) tri oc I made a mental note to talk to her about it He has a complete mental block (= difficulty in disposition or remembering) when it comes to physics. mentality mentally modify (adjust) Lam d u nh , xoa d u ( adapt) S a n i, thay n i The software we use has been modified for us. modification unmodified superintend Quan sat, theo doi (s thay n i) Network M ng lu i, h th ngA network of veins Notion Khai ni m, ni m, ni m tin, quan ni m She had only a vague imprint of what might happen. Notion (that) I have to reject the notion that greed can be a good thing. target Khach quan I cant be objective when I judge my daughters work. objectively objectivity ?inh Nho Hi p emailprotected com -6- Nhom 5 taste S n nh hu ng Hes very secretive about his political preference. orientation to/towards something Companies have been forced into a greater orientation to the market. orient orientate reorientate reor ientation Perspective (viewpoint) Quan ni m, goc nhin nh n