Safeguardung Of The Vulnerable Adults Essay Example for Free

Safe guardung Of The Vulnerable Adults Essay1.1Safeguarding means proactively seeking to involve the whole community in keeping the private secure and promoting their welfare. Safeguarding is an serious part of integrated working. When professionals work to postureher in an integrated way, they put the individual at the centre of all activities to help identify their holistic demand earlier to improve their life outcomes. It is important to see resistanceing as part of a continuum, where prohibition and early intervention can help children, undefended adults and families get back on track and repeal problems turning into a crisis. Protection is a central part of safeguarding and promoting welfare. It is the process of protecting an individual identified as either suffering or at stake of suffering significant harm as a result of blackguard or neglect.1.2 It is important to appreciate the processes that are in place to ensure that they are working to the good of the in dividuals. As new policies are brought in, because it is vital to ensure that, the assist background knowledge responds to these by updating their profess paper work. The only way in which to evaluate as to whether the policies are working is by the feed back from mental faculty and how they respond to situations, when policies are developed it is critical that provide are aware of the changes in the policies and that these policies are available to all staff and these changes are cascaded down. Lessons learned from safe guarding situations should be taken into account and used to strengthen the knowledge of all. 1.3 The legislation and government policy framework relating to adult safeguarding is subject to considerable debate and change. unless includes the followingLegal Powers to InterveneCivil LibertiesDisclosure and Barring ServiceMental Capacity Act 2005Mental Health Act 2007Health and companionable Care Act 2008National Policy and GuidanceRegistered Health and Socia l Care ProvidersNo Secrets sets out a code of practice for the protection of defenselessadults.It explains how commissioners and providers of health and complaisant care services should work together to produce and implement topical anesthetic policies and procedures. They should collaborate with the public, voluntary and private sectors and they should also consult service exploiters, their carers and representative groups. Local authority social services departments should co-ordinate the development of policies and procedures.1.4Serious case checks are not done to reinvestigate or to apportion lodge, but rather 1. To establish whether in that location are lessons to be learnt from the circumstances of the case about the way in which local professionals and agencies work together to safeguard vulnerable adults 2. To review the accomplishmentiveness of procedures (both multi-agency and those of individual organisations) 3. To certify and improve local inter-agency practice 4. To improve practice by acting on learning (developing beat out practice) 5. To prepare or commission an overview report which brings together and analyses the findings of the various reports from agencies in order to make recommendations for future action (ADASS, 2006). The purpose of any case review is to protect vulnerable adults, by drawing upon lessons to be learned from individual cases, making recommendations aimed at preventing similar tragedy by strengthening and improving multi-agency procedures and arrangements. end point 7 of CQC essential standards, safeguarding people who use the service from malignment explains the regulations and expectations that a service provider must comply with.The introduction of the No Secrets guidance (2000), which gives councils the tariff for establishing and coordinating local multi-agency procedures for responding to allegations of abuse. It also introduced the principle that social services departments and their partners should se t up adult protection committees, usually referred to as safeguarding adults partnership boards, to coordinate local safeguarding arrangements. The Putting People First concordat described a range of features that were viewed as central to system-wide transformationof care, including safeguarding.This included Joint (local council and PCT) strategic needs judgments to inform the local community strategy and an integrated approach to commissioning and market development. Prevention, early intervention and enablement becoming the norm. Universal information, advice and advocacy, ir appreciateive of eligibility for public funds. Common assessment with greater emphasis on self-assessment. Person-centred planning and self-directed support becoming mainstreamed, with personal budgets for everyone eligible for publicly-funded care and support and more people opting to arrange their own support with direct payments. Adult social care to champion the needs and rights of disabled peopl e and older adults, safeguarding and promoting dignity, supporting a collective voice with exploiter-led organisations, enhancing social capital and developing the local workforce. Paper by department of health gateway reference 16702 outlines the governments policy on safeguarding vulnerable adults.1.5 Each county have their information on Safeguarding adults and these can be found on the appropriate websites for the county, which gives the information and guidance on Multi agency procedures. Below is an display case from Surrey C.C. which outlines the referral procedures when dealing with a safeguarding alert, from agency level upwards. Prior to this, staff would report to their line manager, or in the case of serious concern, for instance where the person is in immediate danger they would report this to the police directly. Incident and accident report forms would need to be completed and the manager would be expected to take statements from the staff and notify the local au thority.2.1The organisation should recognise that vulnerable adults have the right to take risks and should provide help and support to enable them to identify and manage authority and actual risks to themselves and others. It is important that the organisation has a policy of positive risk-taking and avoids becoming totally risk averse. Risk averse cultures can stifle and constrain and could allure to inappropriate restriction to the individuals rights. Life is never risk free. Some degree of risk-taking is an essentialpart of fostering independence. For instance, if you identify an activity or set of circumstances as potentially risky to a vulnerable adult or group of vulnerable adults, this needs to be offset against the benefits which the individual or group might draw from taking part in that activity. Risk-taking should be pursued in a context of promoting opportunities and safety, not poor practice.In a culture of positive risk-taking, risk assessment should involve everyon e affected vulnerable adults and carers, advocates, staff and volunteers and, where they are involved, health and social care staff.2.2Physical abuse indicatorsA history of unexplained falls or minor injuries especially at different stages of healing Unexplained bruising in well-protected areas of body, e.g. on the inner of thighs or upper arms etc. Unexplained bruising or injuries of any sortBurn marks of unusual type, e.g. burns caused by cigarettes and rophy burns etc. A history of frequent changes of general practitioners or reluctance in the family, carer or friend towards a general practitioner reference point Accumulation of medicine which has been prescribed for a client but not administered Malnutrition, ulcers, bed sores and being left in wet clothing Sexual abuse indicatorsUnexplained changes in the demeanour and deportment of the vulnerable adult Tendency to withdraw and spend time in isolation. expression of explicit sexual behaviour and/or language by the vulnerab le adult which is out of character Irregular and disturbed sleep patternBruising or bleeding in the rectal or genital areasTorn or stained underclothing especially with blood or semen Sexually transmitted disease or pregnancy where the individual cannot give consent to sexual acts.Psychological abuse indicatorsInability of the vulnerable person to sleep or tendency to spend yen periods in bedLoss of appetite or overeating at inappropriate timesAnxiety, confusion or general resignationTendency towards social withdrawal and isolationFearfulness and signs of loss of self-esteemUncharacteristic manipulative, uncooperative and aggressive behaviourFinancial abuse indicatorsUnexplained inability to pay for menage shopping or bills etc.Withdrawal of large sums of money which cannot be explainedMissing personal possessionsDisparity between the persons living conditions and their financial resourcesUnusual and unmatched interest and involvement in the vulnerable adults assetsNeglect and ac ts of omission indicatorsInadequate heating, lighting, food or fluidsFailure by carer to give prescribed medication or obtain appropriate medical careCarers reluctant to accept contact from health or social care professionalsRefusal to arrange access for visitorsPoor corporal condition in the vulnerable person e.g. ulcers, bed soresApparently unexplained weight lossUnkempt clothing and appearanceInappropriate or misfortunate clothing, or nightclothes worn during the day Sensory deprivation lack of access to glasses, hearing aids etc.Absence of appropriate privacy and dignityAbsence of method of calling for assistanceDiscriminatory abuse indicatorsTendency to withdrawal and isolationFearfulness and anxietyBeing refused access to services or being excluded inappropriatelyLoss of self-esteemResistance or refusal to access services that are required to meet needExpressions of anger or thwartingMeasures that can be taken to avoid abuse taking place can be as follows1. Identifying peo ple at risk of abuse2. human race awareness3. Information, advice and advocacy4. Training and education5. Policies and procedures6. Community links7. Regulation and legislation8. Inter-agency collaboration9. Empowerment and choiceMeasures that can be taken to avoid the risk of abuse, is the implementation of robust policies, which need to be monitored and evaluated on a regular basis. Risk assessments should be in place and information should be shared with other professionals involved in the care of the vulnerable adult. Where there is doubt or concerns in respect of an individual, then it is important that these are acted upon with immediate effect and that a multi agency strategy showdown is held, so that a risk assessment may be put together to prevent the service user coming to harm. Reporting and record keeping is essential in such cases as is the sharing of information. 3. Recently in Surrey the first quality assurance,multi agency risk management meeting was held, this wa s a meeting following a safeguarding incident which took place in July last year. It looked at how the different agencies had worked together to safe guard a vulnerable adult from suspected abuse.Agencies involved , were social care team, police, service provider, housing , g.ps and specialist nurses. During the period of time prior to this meeting there had been safeguarding meetings on a 6 weekly basis, multi agency risk assessments had been drawn up and had been discussed at length by all of those involved, each element taking part had deadlines to meet on actions raised. When circumstances changed, so did the risk assessments, and alwayscovered were the what if scenarios. It was felt from this meeting that everything had been done to protect the service user and that all agencies had worked well together ( I was a participant at this meeting )4.All vulnerable adults where possible should contribute to decisions made in respect of the care that they receive. Families and profe ssionals involved in the care of a vulnerable adult, should also contribute to the initial risk assessment which are done and subsequent ones when there are changes. It will become apparent whether systems and procedures put in place are working, with constant recording and reporting back from staff involved in the care of the individual. There may be times, when there needs to be a review of the care plans, or changes to it due to changes within the environment, the service user themselves or their circumstances.This does not always mean that all of those involved get it right all of the time, personally I have been involved in a unsafe hospital discharge, where I challenged the procedures that were in place. Following that there was a senior strategy meeting and it was discussed how we could all move forward together to prevent the type of situation occurring again. The key to getting things right is discussion and not apportioning blame to others, looking at how services can be i mproved, then implementing them and monitoring them. Feedback is essential from all involved.

Microsoft Office Licensing Essay Example for Free

Microsoft Office Licensing EssayThe 2007 Microsoft Office Suites can be purchase under different types of licenses according to the requirements of the purchaser. These different types of licensing are sell or Full Package Product (FPP) licensing, Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) licensing, plenty licensing, and Academic and Academic-Volume licensing terms (Microsoft Office Suites, 2007). When the Office Suite is purchased from a retail offspring or downloaded from the network, it comes with a retail or FPP license.Retail licenses are comparatively expensive and come with shorter period of support from Microsoft. When the software is pre-installed in a newly-purchased estimator system, it comes under OEM licensing. The OEM license is bounded with the machine and cannot be used in a different machine. The license loses its validity once the machine is non-functional or lolly working.Microsoft volume licensing programs are tailored to meet the requirements of companies o f different sizes starting from companies having as few as five desktops (Volume Licensing, 2007). The volume license programs offer increasing nest egg and other benefits with the increase in number of computer systems. Volume licenses are further classified into Open License, Select License, Enterprise Agreement and Enterprise Subscription Agreement.Microsoft Volume Licensing for educational institutions or Academic Licenses are available to educational institutions having requirements of at least five copies and mores. The academic licenses are offered at discounted prices. There are four types of academic licensing Campus Agreement for higher educational institutions, School Agreements for K-12 schools and districts and pre-schools, Academic Open for academic institutions of any size and Academic Select for medium to large academic institutions (Education, 2007).

Concepts in Differential Privacy

Concepts in Differential PrivacyAbstractStored info in seem log is insecure process to the chase engine. Search log contains extremely sensitive data, as evidenced by the AOL incident. To Store cultivation in the search log is identify the behavior of substance ab drug user. To maintain this sensitive data is risky process, because some security rules containing the drawbacks. Search engine companies exit security for search logs, in some cases intruder identifies the cut ind data then loss occurred. This paper provides security orders for the search data against the intruder. To store the data in the search log found on the keywords, clicks, queries etc. Anonymization is the method provides security for data besides it loss the granularity. And another method is - differential privacy provide receipts for the problem. (,)-probabilistic privacy used to expect the noise distribution. ZEALOUS algorithm propose in this paper provide potent results with (1,1)-indistingushab ility. This paper concludes with the comparable emolument with the k-anonymity, -differential privacy. To this algorithm produce the effective result.Keywords Security, Privacy, info Anonymity, Information Protection, Differential Privacy, HistogramINTRODUCTIONTo publish the search query logs ar useful to know the behavior of a user. To interact users into search engine information stored in the form of search log. This stores the information based on the following schemaUser_id, Query, Time, ClicksHere User_id identifies the particular user. Query identifies the group of keywords to be searched by the user in search engine. User search the keyword in search engine like Java then relevant information related to Java pull up stakes be occurred in the browser. User clicks on the particular link it will store in the search log as number counts. And also store the time of the click on the user. Single user consists of a user chronicle or search history by the search entities. User history partitioned into sessions by the similar queries. Queries poop be grouped into form a query pair, this used for the preparation of data in the search log. Query pairs can be divided into sessions and each session contains the subsequent query.Generally keywords can be divided into both ways. Those are1. Frequent2. In frequent1. Frequent Keyword front methods only introduce these keywords. Because of this keywords are produce easily with search logs compare to the infrequent. Users search the keyword in the search engine based on that criteria identify the frequent keywords.2. Infrequent KeywordsProposed method for this paper is to publish search log with infrequent keywords. To publish this keyword is to loss the utility and produce less results compare to frequent keywords.In the introductory method k-anonymity the main aim of this method is to define effective anonymization models for query log data along with techniques to achieve such anonymiation. Publishing of user query search logs has become a sensitive issue. To develop anonymization methods to publish the searc log data without breaching privacy or reduce utility. Drawback of this method is to identify the data to the external linked attributes. Introduce Quasi-identifier to the identification of an individual by combining to the external data.Following is an example data mark offUser RegistrationSearch_log figure of speech 1 Anonymization of the dataIn the above tables explains that the user registration contains all the user details of the user history. Search_log table contains the data of the user searched data. These two tables are externally linked to each other with this data loss occurred. Putting these searches together may easily reveal the identity of the user. The idea behind this k-anonymity is provide guarantee to each and every individual and hidden the group of size k with respect to the quasi-identifiers.To produce the search logs with -differential privacy provide good utility, but problem with the search logs is noise added to the search logs. Several methods are used to produce random noise in the differential privacy. According to this paper tell apart them as two categoriesData-independent noiseData-dependent noiseAdding noise to the data this data-independent noise is most basic one. Laplace noise addition belongs to this category. Compare to the data-dependent noise is most complex, but usually they lead to less distortion being introduced. But this paper focus on the data-independent noise, which is most frequently uses in data sets. To produce effective results with -differential privacy add laplace distribution to the result.Zealous algorithm consists a two phase fashion model for the purpose of identify the frequent items in the search log. And set two threshold values to publish the search logs with more privacy. Search engine companies apply this algorithm to generate statics with (,)-probabilistic differentially private to retaining good utility for the applications. Beyond publishing search logs this paper believe that findings are of interest when publishing frequent item sets. This algorithm protects privacy against much stronger attackers than those compare the previous methods.RELATED WORKSearch Log AnonymizationIn the previous incident occur in the AOL search log, it reveals the data of a user. Adar propose a method it appears at least t times before it can be decoded, which may potentially remove too many unused queries. And another method tokenize each query and hashes the corresponding log identifiers proposed by Kumar at el.21. This method improve the frequency of the search and leaks the data through hidden tokens.To overcome the problems in previous method introduce the anonymization models have been developed for search log release. Hong et al. 17 and Liu at al.23 anonymized search logs based on k-anonymization which is not unblemished as differential privacy. Xiong at el. 15 presents the query lo g analysis applications and various granularities of releasing log information and their associated privacy threats. Korolova et al. 20 release first applied the accurate privacy feeling to release the search log based on differential privacy by adding Laplace noise. To add the Laplace noise to the counts of selected queries and urls is straightforward directly maximize the output utility with optimization models.Publish the frequent keywords, queries and clicks in search logs and comparison for two relaxations of -differential privacy. This paper works related to framework for collecting, storing, and mining search logs in a distributed manner.Differential PrivacyDwork at al. 7,8 propose the definition of differential privacy. A randomized algorithm is differential private if for any pair of neighboring inputs, the luck of generating the same output. This means that two data sets are close to each other, a differential privacy algorithm behave same on the two data sets. This proce ss provide sufficient privacy protection for user data. And also introduce the data publishing techniques which ensure -differential privacy while providing accurate result.Search queries contain sensitive information it can lead to re-identification, approaches include query results, user-id to prevent re-identification of individuals from the search queries. This approach differs from the above it interact access framework that does not directly depend on anonymization for privacy, it differs from the semantic policies and differential privacy.

Developing Knowledge for Organ Donation | Research Study

Developing Knowledge for Organ Donation Research StudyNannou (2008) had explored how an educational intervention re slowlyd to electronic reed organ and tissue grants affect the experience and sentience of a randomized two congregation samples of pre-registration breast feeding assimilators. This fill was a randomized except controlled trial, with two continuous variables of acquaintance and sensory faculty of nurse students before and after an educational intervention and comp ard results to a controlled group who did not have the benefits of the educational intervention. Both groups were equivalent at baseline. Simple analytic thinking of variance, analysis of covariance and multiple regressions were used to determine signifi push asidece of results. Each category was analyzed as a separate variable. Students were asked to choose a card that intimated to which group they would be assigned to control or experimental. Both groups were given the pre-test and post-test that had been validated by content and practice experts. A statistically significant difference was ready in knowledge and aw areness between pre-test and post-test scores in both the controlled group and experimental group.Remijn (2009) came out with a questionnaire to survey students knowledge and opinions several(prenominal) organ bribe and transplant was bestowed on 247 students in 13 separate classrooms. Questions 116 of the questionnaire measured general factual knowledge about organ bribe and transplantation questions 1724 solicited personal experiences regarding organ donation and transplantation questions 2529 sought opinions about whether the student would become an organ donor 24 questions 3035 sought general demographic education much(prenominal) as age, grade, gender, language spoken at home, ethnicity, and parents education level.Roels (2007) had surveyed pre-registration nursing students awareness on organ and tissue donations. The assume revealed that 5 5% to 80% of the nursing students were aware of organ and tissue donations. Pre-registration nursing students had shown deficits in their knowledge about the transplantation process. For example, a recent check suggested that only 64% (N = 260) of the students knew that brain death was different from a coma. Similarly, other studies had documented nursing students as correctly respondent between 43% and 48% of the factual questions about organ donation. Encouragingly, a recent intervention on the topic suggests that interventions could improve nursing students organ donation knowledge.Dauphinee (2009) had carried out a study on pre- registration nursing students knowledge on organ and tissue donations. A number of 41-questions were administered to 537 first-year and second-year nursing students. Students were too asked about their support on organ donation and the donation trainings they had received. 236 students responded (response rate = 93%). (22%) had read about organ and ti ssue donations in the publisher (40% vs 6%, P Moroff (2008) had examined on the pre-registration nursing students awareness and knowledge in New York. A 10-item questionnaire was given and completed by peerless(prenominal) thousand students and their soaked age was recorded as 23.7 years. The students were divided into groups and were asked to discuss about organ and tissue donations. The discussion on organ and tissue donations ranged in duration of slightly 5 to 19 minutes (M = 12.10, SD = 3.07). Overall, students accurately discussed between 7 and 10 topics (M = 12.99, SD = 2.56) during this clip period, with beat having no significant influence on the number of topics discussed, r = 0.21, p = 0.07. Thus, students appeared to discuss organ and tissue donation topics based on some individual characteristic. It is encouraging to note that 83% of students explained the vastness of family communication regarding ones preferences for organ donation and 74% explained the role of next-of-kin in the accord process. Results do indicate that students may lack for further education with regards to organ donation eligibility and the matching process, as 68% of the students failed to describe brain death at all, whilst 9% described it inaccurately.Moreover, a study conducted by Panzarella (2008) for Transplant Resource eye of Maryland, on the topic of organ and tissue donation also gave interesting facts. A total of 260 nursing students participated in the online knowledge to measure their knowledge on organ donation Students answered an average of 8.78 (SD = 1.31) questions correctly. Overall, students did not differ in their knowledge on organ donation, based on academic year. The researcher also notes that 43% of the students surveyed (N = 500) did not know organ and tissue donation, although to a greater extent than half felt that students were aware about organ and tissue donations.Vleuten (2009) had surveyed pre-registration nursing students knowledge and awareness on organ and tissue donation. Most respondents were able to answer all the questions. Most participants agreed that donors might receive on-going support after donation (91%). Nearly half (46%) of respondents supported the use of tissue for research however, only 28% could recall the topic being discussed at the time of donation. Only 40% of respondents knew of the differences between organ and tissue donations before the donation process. Overall, the studys findings suggest that in the effort to enhance the student defends knowledge, focusing on education should be given priority. A nurse is the first person to recognize the patient and that a nurse spends more time with the patient. Hence, the nurse possesses preliminary education about organ donation.2.3 Conceptual Framework.The study framework is based on Organ Donation Model (ODM) proposed by dweeber (2005). ODM define organ donation as when organs are upstage from a person who has recently died and transplant ed into the body of another living person. It may also be possible for a living person to donate trustworthy organs to another living person. Transplantation is a very successful way of saving and improving the lives of people who are experiencing serious health problems. The aspiration of Organ Donation Model (ODM) is to create an expert nurse pertaining organ donation. The ODM asserts that the significant determinant in educating the next generation and developing, directing and translating new sanative strategies for the future.According to Miller (2005), the intimately influential components of this intention were the individuals awareness of donation and knowledge about donation. Organ donation model (ODM) focuses mainly on knowledge and awareness of organ donation in healthcare workers and their students. A study make by Mogan (2008) on American nursing students knowledge and awareness of organ donation, found that a person would have awareness first, later to get to kno w more about the topic a person would read further which would take away the person to understand about the organ and donation topic. These two variables are knowledge and awareness. Measuring these variables is essential to determine if such changes actually result from the intervention and, in turn, influence changes in commitment (Susan, 2009). ODM focuses higher rates of organ donation as easy as student nurse are aware and increase knowledge once the topic is taught in nursing training. Using the Organ Donation Model (ODM), Alb up overcompensate (2010) revealed that a group of student nurses in England were aware and knowledgeable on organ donation. They found a significant relationship between the knowledge of students and their personal awareness on the topics to donate organs.2.4 Summary This chapter has highlighted the importance of pre-registration nursing students to have knowledge and aware about organ and tissue donation. In this chapter, it has explained clearly by d iscussing the definition by various researchers as well studies conducted by other researchers that were pertinent to knowledge and awareness of pre-registration nursing students on organ and tissue donation. It is significant to know pre-registration nursing students knowledge and awareness on organ and tissue donation as nurses plays a key role in promoting organ donation because they are the persons who impart meet with the family after a tragic event, when organ procurement is being discussed, and nurses are the one who initiates the process and support the family. Further, lack of adequate training to shift awareness causes lower donor detection and referral rates by the registered nursesCHAPTER 3METHODOLOGY3.1 IntroductionIn this chapter the methodology are clearly discuss in detail which include four parts. Firstly, the design of the research is discussed then the respondents are chosen. Third is the research instrument, sampling procedure such as the distribution and say of battle process of the questionnaire go away be explained. Questionnaire is used in this study. Students were give questionnaire by the researcher after class and also students who are in practical were called lynchpin to answer the questionnaire. Explanation is given as how they would be classified according to their specific purpose.3.2 Study designThis study is quantitative cross-sectional surveys which intended to study the knowledge and awareness of pre-registration nursing students on organ and tissue donation. Cross-sectional surveys described as depiction of the populations about which entropy is ga on that pointd. It is used when the purpose of the study is descriptive, often in the form of a survey. Descriptive design is where the researcher collects data on a several variables and dissembles the result as well as gathering information about the present existing condition (Cresswel, 2009). Usually there is no hypothesis as such, but the aim is to describe a populati on with prise to an outcome (Baron, 2011). Cross-sectional surveys can be carried out using every mode of data collection. In this study questionnaires are used. Questionnaire is a data collection method that used to ask questions of research participants (Jackson, 2011).3.3 Study settingThis study was done in Surya College Penang and this college is located in Butterworth, Penang. This college is offering arse in Science, Diploma in Nursing and Diploma in Medical Laboratory Technology. Students who study at Surya College have a readily available pathway to further their studies at Penang International Dental College (PIDC), Vinayaka Missions University (V.M.U) in India or other educational institutions locally abroad. Total students in the college are 500. However, pre-registration nursing students are 280 as of the July 2013 intake. Surya Colleges envisages being a premier allied health college in this region. With a strong backing of experienced management team, it aims to be a Centre of honesty that offers quality and affordable education to students from all walks of life in the spirit of 1Malaysia.3.4 Research Subject3.4.1 PopulationThe populations for this study were pre registration nursing students from Surya College Penang. Total students are 280 and all of them are involve in this study. The populations are from year one students, year two and year three students. A population is the entire appeal of guinea pigs in which the researcher is interested (Gore, 2009).3.4.2 SampleA sample is a subset of population elements. Sample size is the number of observations used to estimates of a given population. establish is concerned with the selection of individuals from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population. In this study, the sampling was done on the population of Surya College pre-registration nursing students. or so 280 students are involved in this study. The sampling technique that the researcher us ed was convenience sampling. Convenience sampling refers to the non-prob dexterity process by which the researcher gathers statistical data from the population. When a convenience sample is used, the researcher studies the subjects that are easy for the researcher to gain a feedback as well contribute to minimum effort and less time (Sedda, 2010). Researchers choose convenience sampling to easily gain information and save money and time. The researcher distributed 280 questionnaires where all of the pre registration nursing students were involve. Informed consent was assumed through the student completing the questionnaires and returning the documents in a standard reply envelope.3.5 InstrumentThe Instrument that the researcher used was organ donation questionnaire (ODQ). The questionnaire was adopted from Goz (2006). The organ donation questionnaire (ODQ) was adopted from Goz because it served a verbal response from people contains written set of questions or statements. It is des igned to gather data from individuals about knowledge and awareness of organ and tissue donation. Questionnaire is a method that serves written or verbal response from people contains written set of questions or statements. It is designed to gather data from individuals about knowledge, attitudes, believes and feelings (Kibberd, 2006). Furthermore, organ donation questionnaire (ODQ) is relatively direct and a simple method of obtaining data. It can be constructed easily and consumes lesser time to gather information. Further, it enables a widely scattered sample, cost effective, speedy results and there is no room for biasness.The questionnaire consists of 3 sections. First section is the section A. In this section it embodies question on demographic data concerning age, religion, race and the respondents current year in the programme. The question in this section is close ended questions where there is a list of questions that the respondents must choose to answer the questions.Th e second part of the questionnaire is the section B. It comprises ten questions on knowledge regarding organ and tissue donation. To analyses the knowledge level among pre-registration nursing students, Likert racing shell which is adopted from Kane (2010) were used in this study. Likert scale measurement on 5 point scale were used to examine how potently respondents agree or take issue with the statement/questions. The scale has measurements of 5 points that will examine how potently respondents agree or disagree with the statement/ questions. The scale ranges from 1, which indicates strongly disagree to 5, which indicates strongly agree. In order to score the scale, each of the categories was assigned a free weight of fine. A negative statement, strongly disagree receives a weight of 5, disagree would be 4, not sure or indifferent, receives 3, agree receives 2 and strongly agree receives 1. If the statement was in positive form, grade would be reserved accordingly. Then, th e respondents response were classified according to scores for instance bet of questions highest score = 105 = 50 and Number of questions last-place score = 101 = 10.Thus, the difference is 40.Further, the difference is divided by 3, which is 40/3 = 13. This difference in range is classified as high level of knowledge with the tally of 38 50, moderate level of knowledge with the scoring of 24 36 and low level of knowledge with the scoring of 10 22.Finally, the third section which is the section C It contain questions on awareness regarding organ and tissue donation. To analyse the awareness level among pre-registration nursing students, Likert scale measurement on 5 point scale were used to examine how strongly respondents agree or disagree with the statement/questions. The scale ranges from 1, which indicates strongly disagree to 5, which indicates strongly agree. In order to score the scale, each of the categories was assigned a weight of fine. A negative statement, strongly disagree receives a weight of 5, disagree would be 4, not sure or indifferent, receives 3, agree receives 2 and strongly agree receives 1. If the statement was in positive form, rating would be reserved accordingly. Then, the respondents response were classified according to scores for instance Number of questions highest score = 105 = 50 and Number of questions lowest score = 101 = 10.Thus, the difference is 40.Further, the difference is divided by 3, which is 40/3 = 13. This difference is range is classified as high level of awareness with the scoring of 38 50, moderate level of awareness with the scoring of 24 36 and low level of awareness with the scoring of 10 22.Is It reassert To Restrict Freedom Of Expression?Is It Justified To Restrict Freedom Of Expression?Freedom of scene has been a controversial issue for centuries. It has been oppressed and sometimes lead to death for people such as Plato and Thomas Edison who found out and tried to spread the word that the earth is round. In these modern times, there is more conversancy for expressing our thoughts, but there are still complaints and cases where it is still being suppressed based on ground of criminal offence. In this paper, I will try to investigate more on that matter and will try to study the case of the Danish Cartoons.The term liberty of expression is sometimes used to indicate not only freedom of verbal speech but any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used. In practice, the right to freedom of speech is not absolute in any country and the right is commonly subject to limitations, such as on hate speech.In this paper, I will offer observations about some of the arguments used to justify restrictions on free speech and suggest how they might apply in some cases. To do so, I will be focusing on some of John Stuart Mills arguments including the harm principle and the offense principle and their applications in order to justify or not restrictions of free speech.According to the Freedom Forum system, legal systems, and society at large, recognize limits on the freedom of speech, particularly when freedom of speech conflicts with other values or rights. Limitations to freedom of speech may follow the harm principle or the offense principle, for example in the case of pornography or hate speech. Limitations to freedom of speech may occur through legal sanction or social disapprobation, or both.John Stuart Mill argued that there ought to exist the fullest liberty of professing and discussing, as a matter of ethical conviction, any doctrine, however immoral it may be leaded. Mill argues that the fullest liberty of expression is required to push arguments to their logical limits, rather than the limits of social embarrassment which is true and this is a good method if we wanted to persuade our opinions to someone. However, Mill also introduced what is known as the harm principle, in placing the following limitation on free expression the only purpose for which power can be really exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. Mills continues to propose that freedom of speech may be restricted in the very limited circumstances in which it is likely to cause harm to others in the form of a violation of their rights. In his example, he states that one may publish the get word that corn dealers are starving the poor, but ones expression of this view in front of an angry mob that will likely can them to riot and attack the corn dealers may be prohibited. And obviously, the interests of the corn dealers might be damaged in case that view is printed in a newspaper, but will probably not lead to a violation of their rights as in the case of the speech prior an angry mob. The publication of the view poses no prompt, illegitimate threat to the lives or property of corn dealers. Thus, in this case, freedom of expression is justified.The overall poi nt here is that a healthy, flourishing democracy relies upon entree to a wide range of opinions and sources of information. Both laws and cultural trends are currently working to silence opinions in a manner which will impede the ability of democracies to properly function. Mills point about the necessity of freedom of expression for the pursuit of truth is thus intimately connected to the proper functioning of democracy. Although we may find an opinion offensive, silencing that opinion through either laws or cultural forces entails harms so great that the offensive opinions must be allowed to be expressed. Mill is right to object to the silencing of opinions, and his work helps us to see how our modern world is doing harm to the pursuit of truth in ways that we may not be aware. other similar case to Mills example and one of the most recent controversial issues, took place In September 2005 when the Danish newspaper, Jyllands-Posten, published 10 column cartoons that were perceiv ed by many as direct mockery of the prophet Muhammad and a denigration of Islam. In various cartoons, Muhammad was portrayed as having horns, wearing a turban in the shape of a bomb, and endorsing terrorism. This publication resulted in widespread condemnation from diverse quarters and was met with violent reaction from some. The Danish Islamic Organization sought censure and prosecution of the publication under Danish and international law. This case raises the issue of whether and when local and international law is justified in confine freedom of expression. Would the government of Denmark have been justified in restricting the publication of the cartoons or exacting punishment for their publication? Should other governments have restricted the consequent republication of these cartoons in other newspapers, magazines, and on the internet? Should publication of similar material be cling toed in the future? In the following, I will try to answer these questions.Before starting a nd answering these questions, it is essential to keep in mind two things. First of all, freedom of speech is not controlling but is still is an important value. It is one of the very numerous values that may be deficient compared to other values. Thus, any attempt of defending or prohibiting speech involves a balancing of conflicting interests and values. Second, each country has its own laws which vary in the limitations they place on the speech. The United States of America has perhaps the most liberal laws when it comes to protecting the free speech. Many other countries have more restrictive laws, especially regarding the hate speech. However, regardless of liberality of laws regarding free speech, the memory of a person may be an indicator in selecting the type of speech that may be restricted, since the memory may contribute to an assessment of the supposeing and importance of the offense and harm that the speech may cause. And quite often, the message that the act of freedo m of expression sent does not remain a long time in the memory of third parties, thus making the life span of that idea very short. And, according to Mills argument, these cartoons did not cause any immediate or illegitimate threat to public health so the cartoons are justified.In the case of the Danish cartoons, I do not believe that there was any kind of violation. This is purely an expression of thought. There exist many cases where the freedom of expression pained its recipient. We can name the case of some mockeries of the hot seat of the United States of America or any other important political figure on numerous American TV programs such as the late night shows. Even here in Lebanon, some sketches mock our political leaders or even political parties, yet nothing is being done against it which is a sign of tacit consent. This does not mean freedom of expression should be banned. On the contrary, sometimes these mockeries may provide third parties some information he/she did not know before and could point out to a flaw that the third parties could improve on.A decent society, is one that honors freedom concretely. However, in many cases, the harm that resulting from the response to the speech might be so significant and uncontainable, that the government would be justified in limiting the speech to protect third parties. Making funny sketches, mocking or drawing caricatures is one thing. Death threats, bomb scares, burning embassies, deadly riots, and boycotts are another. In such majestic cases, the harm principle may justify restricting speech. There should be an equilibrium between the importance and mitigation of the harm and value of protecting the speech. The well being of the society should be the top priority even if it includes restricting freedom of expression.In addition and in most cases, a persons identity can be easily related to his religion or his set of beliefs. So even bare knowledge of actions deemed unacceptable from a religious po int of view can be considered as a personal deep offense. In such cases, the reasonableness requirement subjects the individual who wants to engage in the relegateing conduct to a higher standard of proof. He must prove that the value of his behavior makes it not only reasonable but also reasonable becoming to outweigh the seriousness of any offense that he might cause. The offended party, however, need prove nothing about the value of what is believed to be disrespected. He need only show that he and others hold the relevant beliefs about value and that when their belief system is confronted with particular kinds of behavior, then experience serious offense.These days, with technologies emerging in an unprecedented way, social networking has become an important part of our everyday life. Web sites such as Facebook, Twitter or blogs created by an average person are an escape from reality to a place where freedom of expression is highly valued. On Facebook, groups can be created wh ere people with same interests and goals can join. They can discourteous discussion boards and share their ideas, offending or not may it be. However, even on sites like these there are limits for what you can say and post. If someone has offended you, you have the option to report him. But such as in real life, Facebook asks you for a justification in order to go through the report process. Another condition is that the user should be reported by many others in order for Facebook to look at that case, because one person cannot be offended unless the speech is directed to him, rather an entire population being offended is another thing.Furthermore, just because someone calls me out if I treat them badly doesnt mean I have no right to say whatever I said to offend. It just means that if I choose to use that kind of expression I may have to deal with the social repercussions. And sometimes the good effects of offensive speech can outweigh the harm caused by the offense itself. With that in mind, theres no reason to withhold a freedom of expression in order to generate more benefits. In that context benefit could be a social benefit, economical, political, religious, etcMoreover, most of us at some point in our life made fun of, criticized and judged, for example, oversized people, little people, or any other condition that we do not deemed as being normal. On the other hand, these people are not harmed but are rather daunted by these comments. This type of expression can be easily defended but we may want to consider that the limits of our freedom of expression ends when we trespass or offend someone else.We can conclude by confirming that offence does not justify restrictions on freedom of expression but those expressing offensive ideas must consider the possibility that they may push away their potential audience. Remarkably, many people seem to consider such refusal by private citizens to endorse certain ideas with which they disagree to be a form of censo rship. Of course it is not, unless they attempt to use the law to suppress those ideas. Also, we could argue that offense does not justify restrictions of freedom, but it justifies the need for manners, respect for others, ethics, empathy, and social consciousness. And by writing this paper, I am expressing my freedom of thoughts hoping that it will affect positively all third parties. So lets express suitably our rudimentary human right

Impact of Demographics on Population Health

Impact of Demographics on Population HealthSantos, Juan Nicholas V. 12000773The demographics of a commonwealth have significant impacts on health planning, implementation, and evaluation of health interventions. One of the relevant factor outs that impinge on the following is age. 20% of bare-ass Zealanders argon aged 0-14 and 25.7% are 55 years old and above. These age groups are the age groups that are more in need of health care and they comprise 45.7% of the New Zealand population. This means that the healthcare planning of New Zealand likely revolves around these age groups without overlooking the needs of the new(prenominal) age groups as well.The political climate in New Zealand is relatively stable compared to the Philippines. The New Zealand population see their government as a body that is protecting them and their interests. The New Zealand government protects the population by providing free healthcare for residents and citizens. They also give benefits and housi ng to residents who are unemployed, and this also affects the health of the population. The healthcare facilities in New Zealand are accessible to e precise member of the population and they do a very good job in taking care of the population oddly people who be recollective to the workforce through the ACC.New Zealand is very tolerant towards the religious beliefs of the population. This affects the health planning, implementing, and evaluation because most religions have some sort of restriction on their followers. For example, some religions do not allow gillyflower transfusions and this directly affects the health of the individual especially in a life threatening situation. The tolerance of New Zealand to different beliefs has a positive impact on health because you will feel accepted within the society. This leads to a positive outlook and will lead to improved self-esteem, which will then lead to increase productivity at work or in school. This affects the health planning o f New Zealand because of religious restrictions. Since New Zealand is very tolerant and respectful of the religions of the population, they formulate a plan around these restrictions in guild for the intervention to be available to all.Human Values that are being applied in New Zealand affect the overall health of the population. Honesty, equality, and fairness are enduring values in New Zealand. This affects the implementation of health interventions because nobody is trying to receive a oarlock up on other people. New Zealanders believe in equal prospect for the population and this is also related to health because there is an equal opportunity for access to healthcare. This affects the implementation because it makes the implementation phase easier for the healthcare professionals in making sure that everybody who needs healthcare is addressed. In comparison to the Philippines, when there are blow blister packs of medicine for 100 people, more often than not there will be a shortage towards the end of the line because people who get theirs first tend to get more than what they are supposed to get.Ethnicity animates a major role in health because there are diseases that are more prevalent among specific ethnic groups. For example, sickle cell disease is more prevalent among Africans than any other ethnicity. This affects the health planning because even though they are a minority in New Zealand, we so far have to give consideration to their being at risk to specific diseases. For the Maori people, they give importance to their lyric poem and land and they believe that the land and their language protect them from illness. This whitethorn affect the health planning and implementation because we have to adapt our interventions to the Maori way in order to be respectful of their culture. It will be easier for us to simply adapt our interventions to their culture rather than adapt their culture to our interventions.Traditions are very important especiall y with regard to health intervention evaluation. This is because traditional beliefs related to health are often contradictory to western medicine. Muslims, for example, refuse to take their medications from 6am to 6pm during the Ramadan. This hinders our ability to evaluate the forte of the medicine because the timing of the intake of medications is very crucial in determining the effectiveness. They also traditionally believe that they should not disclose their medical history because they may have a less chance at marriage. This hinders our ability to properly assess and identify genetic predisposition to illnesses.A BThe existence thought of health and illness is shaped by proper health education. The public generally views health as just a state of physical offbeat rather than a holistic view on health. Because of this, people tend to disregard symptoms of mental distress or social exclusion without realizing that these also erect immensely to their health. This also affe cts the way the public views an illness. The public will view illness as just a state of physical sickness or disease. These misconceptions affect our plan health interventions because what we may view as important to their health, they may not place any importance on. For some people, as long as their bodies can function, they are healthy without taking into consideration the health of their mind or their inclusion within a community.CDThe importance that the public puts into health is vital in getting our interventions across to the population because even if we put all our effort, if the population is not interested in what we are doing, our planned interventions will fail. Here in New Zealand, the Maori population places an importance on health. However, according to the ministry of health, 23% of Maori adults fail to see a physician due to the cost. It is some contradicting because 41% of Maori adults are smokers in spite of the fact that 23% of them cannot go to a physician w hen they need to. Their attitude to healthcare professionals is also a factor on their health because when they have a good doctor-patient or nurse-patient relationships, it encourages them to come back again for a follow-up and enables them to trust their healthcare providers with confidential teaching that may have an effect on their health.Though New Zealand is a developed country with one of lowest rates of corruption in the world, inequalities still exist especially when it comes to health. There are still people and ethnic groups here in New Zealand that does not have proper access to healthcare. I think culture has the biggest impact on the planning and implementation of health interventions in New Zealand. The Pakeha, Asians, Maoris, Pacific Islanders, and other ethnicities all live in New Zealand as one thriving population. But of all these, the Maori and Pacific Islanders have the highest prevalence of smoking adults, and the lowest life expectancy among all the ethnic gr oups put forward in New Zealand. According to the National Health Committee, 39% of all Maori students leave school without earning their qualifications. This is an alarming figure because this only happens to 14% of students from all of the other ethnic groups combined and we all know that if the population has a proper education, this will lead to better socioeconomic status which will then play a major role in determining an individuals health status.ReferencesGoodyear, M. (2008) The Significance of Demographic Changes for the Health of the Population and its Need for Health and cerebrate Services. Retrieved from http//www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/health-information/3a-populations/demographic-changesCIA World Fact Book. (2014) Age Structure. Retrieved from https//www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2010.htmlThe National Advisory Committee on Health and Disability. (June, 1998). The Social, Cultural, and Economic Determinants of Health in New Zealand consummation to Improve Health.

African Americans and Healthcare :: Papers Health Insurance Medical Essays

African Americans and HealthcareAfrican Americans face a multidimensional health care crisis that affects the young or old, rich or poor. Too umteen African Americans are uninsured or underinsured. The elderly cannot afford long-term health care leaving the family to care for them. Health care cost is continuously rising and are out of control, reform is the only way out. The growing number of uninsured and underinsured is on the rise. In 1979, 11 million African americans were uninsured (Jaffe 10). Today, the number is 15 million and it is increasing every year (Jaffe 11). According to the Department of Health and Human Services, thirteen million blacks in America rush health care and fourteen million do not (Fitzgerald 31). Also, those who are insured today may be at risk tomorrow if their employer drops coverage, or the head of the household changes or loses their job. Most blacks in the United States who are uninsured simply cannot receive health care at an aff ordable wrong because their employer does not offer it and self-insurance cost much more. The lack of adequate insurance can be devastating to families both in financial terms and in terms of timely access to needed health care (Jaffe 12). Altogether, collection agencies report every year that more or less blacks are in debt due to recreational medical bills, because they are not insured or they are underinsured.African American senior citizens face a health care crisis too. They have worked exclusively of their lives to secure retirement, but their retirement has been threatened because of the rising cost of long-term medical care. Insurance companies have failed to provide affordable long-term care, protection that most senior citizens need. This lack of long term care and affordability has been a serious problem for the health care system. In some cities, the shortage of infirmary beds is so serious that it is common for patients to stay in emergency rooms before th ey can be admitted to an inpatient room (Drake 109). More than one thousand hospital beds are occupied by people who could be better care for in nursing homes or through home health care (Drake 110). Of the disenable elderly 1.3 million reside in nursing homes (Drake 10). These patients are unable to perform two or more of the basic activities of daily living without assistance.

Character Manipulation in The Rise of Silas Lapham Essay -- Rise Silas

Character Manipulation in Ho advantageouslys The Rise of Silas Lapham Of all the characters who undergo limiting in The Rise of Silas Lapham, Laphams change is the only one looked upon in a positive light by the narrator. William Dean Howells uses the corruption of other characters to promote Laphams newfound morality and reinforce his crowning(prenominal) triumph. Before Laphams financial ruin, he is the only character with fault. Yet as his world crumbles, so does the credibility and innocence of his wife, two daughters, and former partner, Mr. Rogers. At the homogeneous time, the very catalyst of Laphams ruin exonerates him. This allows Howells to reinforce Laphams ultimate rise in the novel, despite his financial and social failures. While Silas Laphams character shines of perfect success in the books opening interview, we soon learn of the fault that will lead to his ruin. In a time when his caller-up postulate help, Lapham used Mr. Rogers for his capital, then pushed h im out of the company once back on his feet. Mrs. Lapham holds the strongest position towards Silas treatment of Mr. Rogers No you had better face the truth, Silas. It was no chance at all. You crowded him out. A man that had rescue you No, you had got greedy, Silas. You had made your paint your god, and you couldnt bear to let anybody else share in its blessings.(45) She believes that his treatment of Rogers is the only fault in his character, and is satisfied when he finally makes good on it by lending money to Rogers when asked. Despite his efforts to resolve the matter, Lapham refuses to admit his guilt. But the narrator tells us he is guilty*, and Silas admits feeling relieved after running(a) it out Well, I dont know when its done me so much ... ...ng Laphams upward motion cannot be accidental. Lapham needed his wife to nag at him about Rogers, and needed Rogers to be a rascal to start the events which lead to his rise. Lapham needed his daughters distraction to ensure his lack of support and need for complete self-sufficiency during his hardships, as well as its incorporation of the Corey family to justify his involvement and failure with society. Howells creates a plot in which Lapham figuratively steps on the other characters in order to rise. work Cited and ConsultedCarter, Everett. Howells and the Age of Realism. Hamden, Conn. Arcton Books, 1966Howells, William Dean. The Rise of Silas Lapham. 1885. Harmondsworth Penguin, 1988 Van Wyck, Brooks. Howells His Life and World. Dutton, 1959.Wagenknecht, Edward. W.D. Howells The Friendly Eye. New York Oxford University Press, 1969